The history of Atlanta dates back to 1836, when Georgia decided to build a railroad to the US Midwest and the location chosen to be the end of that line. The stakes marking the founding of "Terminus" were pushed to the ground in 1837 (called Pos Zero Mile). In 1839, houses and shops were built there and the settlements grew. Between 1845 and 1854, the railroads arrived from four different directions, and the fast-growing city quickly became a railway hub for the whole of South America. During the American Civil War, Atlanta, as a distribution hub, became the main campaign target of the United Nations, and in 1864 Union William Sherman forces burned and destroyed city assets and buildings, saving churches and hospitals. After the war, the population grew rapidly, as did manufacturing, while the city maintained its role as a railway center. Coca-Cola was launched here in 1886 and grew into an Atlanta-based world empire. The electric cart arrived in 1889, and the city added a new "roadside tram".
The city's black elite college was established between 1865 and 1885, and despite the revocation of Jim Crow's legal rights and withdrawal in the 1910s, a prosperous and high-class black middle class emerged. At the beginning of the 20th century, "Sweet" Auburn Avenue was called "the most prosperous Negro street in the country". In the 1950s blacks began to move into city environments that had previously distanced them, while the first highway in Atlanta allowed a large number of whites to move to, and commute from, new suburbs. Atlanta is home to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the main center for the Civil Rights Movement. The results of desegregation occurred gradually during the 1960s. The slum neighborhood was torn down and the new Atlanta Housing Housing built a public housing project.
From the mid-60s to the mid-70s, nine malls in the suburbs opened, and the downtown shopping district declined. But to the north, towers of towering offices and hotels, and in 1976, the new Georgian World Congress Center marked Atlanta's rise as a major convention city. In 1973 it chose the first black mayor, Maynard Jackson, and in the following decades, black political leaders worked successfully with the white business community to drive business growth while still empowering black businesses. From the mid-70s to mid-80s most of MARTA's rapid transit systems were built. While the suburbs grew rapidly, most of the city itself deteriorated and the city lost 21% of its population between 1970 and 1990.
In 1996 Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics, where new facilities and infrastructure were built. Delta airline homeland continues to grow, and in 1998-9, Atlanta airport was the busiest airport in the world. Since the mid-90s, gentrification has given new life to many rich urban environments. The 2010 census shows rich blacks leaving town for newer exurban properties and growing suburb cities, younger white people moving back to the city, and a much more diverse metro area with growth most densely in outer periphery areas.
Video History of Atlanta
Native American Civilizations: before 1836
The area in which Atlanta and its suburbs were originally built was the Native American Creek and Cherokee area. In 1813, Creeks, who was recruited by the British to assist them in the War of 1812, attacked and burned Fort Mims in southwestern Alabama. The conflict is widespread and is known as the Creek War. In response, the United States built a series of fortresses along the Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee Rivers, including Fort Daniel on Mount Hog near Dacula, Georgia, and Fort Gilmer at the moment. Fort Gilmer is located next to an important Indian site called Standing Peachtree, named after a large tree believed to be a pine tree (a name called a throw or sap flowing from it). The word "pitch" is misunderstood for "peach," the site names. The site has traditionally marked Native American encounters on the border between Creek and Cherokee, at the point where Peachtree Creek flows into Chattahoochee. The fort was soon renamed Fort Peachtree. A road was built connecting Fort Peachtree and Fort Daniel following the existing route route.
As part of the systematic abolition of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, Creek surrendered the present area of ​​Metro Atlanta in 1821. Four months later, the Georgia Land Lottery Act created five new districts in the area that would later become Atlanta. Dekalb County was created in 1822, from parts of Henry, Fayette, and Gwinnett Counties, and Decatur was created as a county seat the following year. As part of the land lottery, Archibald Holland received a grant of 202.5 hectares in which downtown Atlanta will be built. Holland cultivates the land and operates a blacksmith shop. However, the soil is low and wet, so the cow is often mired in the mud. He left the area in 1833 to farm in Paulding County.
In 1830 an established inn would be known as the Whitehall because of the unusual fact it had a layer of white paint when most of the other buildings were washed or natural wood. Then, Whitehall Street will be built as a road from Atlanta to Whitehall. The Whitehall area will be renamed West End in 1867 and is the oldest oldest Victorian neighborhood in Atlanta.
In 1835, some Cherokee leaders surrendered their territory to the United States without the approval of the Cherokee majority in exchange for land in the west under the New Echota Agreement, an act that led to the Tear Path.
Maps History of Atlanta
From the train terminal to Atlanta: 1836-1860
In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly decided to build the West and Atlantic Railway to provide a link between the ports of Savannah and the Midwest. The initial route of the state-sponsored project is to flee from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to a place east of the Chattahoochee River, in the Fulton area now. The plan is to eventually connect with Georgia Railroad from Augusta, and with Macon and the Western Railroad, which runs between Macon and Savannah. A US Army engineer, Colonel Stephen Harriman Long, was asked to recommend locations where the West and Atlantic lines would end. He surveyed possible routes, then in the fall of 1837 drove a stake to the ground between what is now Forsyth Street and Andrew Young International Boulevard, about 3-4 blocks northwest of the current Five Points. Milepost zero then placed to mark the place.
In 1839, John Thrasher built houses and public stores around here, and the settlement was dubbed Thrasherville. A marker identifies the location of Thrasherville at 104 Marietta Street, N.W., in front of the State Bar of Georgia Building, between Spring and Cone Streets. ( 33Ã, Â ° 45.409? N 84 Â ° 23,542? W At this point Thrasher builds a Monroe Embankment, a soil embankment that carries the Monroe Train to meet W & amp; A in the terminal. This is the oldest man-made structure in Downtown Atlanta.
In 1842, the location of the planned terminal was moved, four blocks southeast (2-3 blocks southeast of Five Points), to where it would be State Square, on Wall Street between Central Avenue and Pryor Street. ( 33Ã, Â ° 45.141? N 84 Â ° 23.317? W ). It is here that the zero milpost can now be found, adjacent to the southern entrance of the Underground Atlanta. As the settlements grow, it becomes known as "Terminus," literally meaning "the end of the line". In 1842, the settlement at Terminus had six buildings and 30 residents.
Meanwhile, the settlement begins in Atlanta's Buckhead section, a few miles north of downtown today. In 1838, Henry Irby started a tavern and was shopping at a place that would be the intersection of Paces Ferry and Roswell Roads.
In 1842, when a two-story brick depot was built, locals requested a Terminus settlement called Lumpkin, after Governor Wilson Lumpkin. The Lumpkin governor asked them to name him after his young daughter, and Terminus became Marthasville. In 1845, the chief engineer of Georgia Railroad (J. Edgar Thomson) suggested that Marthasville be called "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta." The residents agreed, apparently undaunted by the fact that no trains have ever been visited. The city of Atlanta was founded in 1847.
Growth and development into a regional railroad
The first Georgia Railroad railway goods and trains from Augusta (east of Atlanta), arrived in September 1845 and that year the first hotel, Hotel Atlanta, opened.
In 1846, the second railway company, Macon & amp; West (originally "Monroe Railroad"), completed track to Terminus/Atlanta, connecting a small settlement with Macon to the south and Savannah to the southeast. The city then began to explode. In late 1846, the Washington Hall hotel opened. By 1847, the population had reached 2,500. In 1848, the city chose its first mayor and appointed the marshal of the first city, Germany M. Lester, to coincide with the first murder and the first jail built. A new city council approved the construction of a wooden sidewalk and was banned from doing business on Sunday. In 1849, Atlanta's third and largest antebellum hotel built, Trout House, and Daily Intelligencer became the first successful daily newspaper in the city. In 1850, Oakland Cemetery was established in the southeast of the city, where it still exists today within the city limits.
In 1851 the third railway, the West and Atlantic Train - which became the location of Atlanta was identified as a terminal - eventually arrived, connecting Atlanta to Chattanooga in the northwest and opening Georgia to trade with the Tennessee and Ohio River Basins, and the Midwest America. The union depot was completed in 1853 at State Square. That year, architects depot Edward A. Vincent also sent Atlanta's first official map to the city council.
Fulton County was founded in 1853 from the western part of DeKalb, and in 1854 a combination of Fulton County Court House and Atlanta City Hall was built - which would be destroyed thirty years later to pave the way for the current State Capitol building. (After the Civil War, the Georgia General Assembly decided to move the state capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta.)
In 1854, the fourth rail line, Atlanta and LaGrange Rail Road (later Atlanta & West Point Railroad) arrived, connecting Atlanta with LaGrange, Georgia to the southwest, sealing the role of Atlanta as a railroad to the entire South, , southeast, and southwest.
By 1855, the city had grown to 6,025 inhabitants and had banks, daily newspapers, factories to build freight cars, new brick depots, property taxes, gasworks, gas street lights, theaters, medical colleges, and juvenile crime.
Manufacturing and trading
The first true manufacturing establishment opened in 1844, when Jonathan Norcross, who later became the mayor of Atlanta, arrived in Marthasville and built a sawmill. Richard Peters, Lemuel Grant, John Mims built a three-story mill mill, which was used as a pistol factory during the Civil War. In 1848, Austin Leyden started the first foundry and machinery store in the city, which would later become the Atlanta Machine Works.
The Atlanta Rolling Mill (later "Confederation" of Rolling Mill) was built in 1858 near Oakland Cemetery. It soon became the second most productive mill in the South. During the American Civil War, he launched a 51cm cannon, iron rail, and iron sheet to wrap CSS Virginia for the Confederate navy. The factory was destroyed by the Union Armed Forces in 1864.
The city became a busy center for cotton distribution. For example, in 1859, Georgia Railroad itself sent 3,000 empty trains to the city to be transported with cotton.
In 1860, the city had four large machine stores, two milling plants, three tanners, two shoe factories, a soap factory, and clothing factories employing 75 people.
Slavery at Atlanta antebellum
In 1850, from 2,572 people, 493 African American were enslaved, and 18 blacks were free, with a total black population of 20%. The black proportion of the Atlanta population will be much higher after the Civil War, when the freed slave will come to Atlanta to look for opportunities.
There are several slave auction houses in town, which are advertised in newspapers and many of them are also traded in manufactured goods.
Civil War and Reconstruction: 1861-1871
Civil War: 1861-1865
During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railway and military supply center. (See also: Atlanta in the Civil War.) In 1864, the city was subjected to a large Union invasion (setting for the 1939 film Gone with the Wind). The area now covered by Atlanta is the site of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. General Sherman cut off the final supply line to Atlanta at the Battle of Jonesboro on August 31-September 1. With all his supply lines cut off, Confederate General John Bell Hood was forced to leave Atlanta. On the evening of September 1, his troops marched out of the city to Lovejoy, Georgia. General Hood ordered 81 rail cars loaded with ammunition and other military equipment destroyed. Fires and explosions were heard for miles and miles. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun handed over the city, and on 7 September Sherman ordered the civilians to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta to be burned down on Nov. 11 in preparation for his march to the south.
After a defense by Pastor Thomas O'Reilly of the Catholic Church of Immaculate Conception, Sherman did not burn down city churches or hospitals. The remaining war resources were later destroyed after Sunri's arrival into the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was a critical point in the Civil War. The much-publicized fall gave the North a confidence. Together with the Battle of Mobile Bay, the fall of Atlanta led to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln and eventually surrendered from the Confederacy.
Reconstruction: 1865-1871
The city emerged from the ashes - hence the symbol of the city, phoenix - and gradually rebuilt, as its population increased rapidly after the war. Atlanta accepts migrants from nearby districts and countries: from 1860 to 1870 Fulton County more than doubled the population, from 14,427 to 33,446. In the pattern seen in the South after the Civil War, many people freely moved from plantation to town or city to work, including Atlanta; Fulton County went from 20.5% black in 1860 to 45.7% black in 1870.
The food supply is erratic because of the poor harvest, which is the result of the turmoil in the supply of agricultural labor after the emancipation of slaves. Many poor refugees without proper clothing or shoes; The AMA helps fill the gaps with food, shelter and clothing, and the federal-sponsored Freedmen Bureau also offers a lot of help, albeit uncertain.
The destruction of housing stocks by Union troops, along with a large influx of refugees, resulted in severe housing shortages. 1 / 8 -acre (510 m 2 ) to 1 / 4 -acre (1,000m 2 ) many with small homes rented for $ 5 a month, while those using glass panels rent for $ 20. Higher rents than legislation led to de facto segregation, with most blacks living in three slum areas on the outskirts of the city. There, the housing is below standard; an AMA missionary said that many homes are "rickety huts" hired for a high price. Two of the three slum cities sit in lowland areas, prone to floods and grime, causing epidemics in the late nineteenth century. A hut town called Tight Squeeze was developed at Peachtree in what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It is well known for wandering, despairing, robbery of transit settlement traders.
The smallpox epidemic hit Atlanta in December 1865 and there were not enough doctors or hospital facilities. Other epidemic attacks in autumn, 1866; hundreds killed.
Construction created a lot of new jobs, the work increased rapidly. Atlanta soon became an industrial and commercial center in the South. From 1867 to 1888, US Army troops occupied McPherson Barracks (later renamed Fort McPherson) in southwest Atlanta to ensure reform of the Reconstruction era. In 1868, Atlanta became the capital of the state of Georgia, taking over from Milledgeville.
Black education center
Atlanta quickly became the center of black education. Atlanta University was founded in 1865, the pioneer of Morehouse College in 1867, Clark University in 1869, now named Spelman College in 1881, and Morris Brown College in 1885. This would be one of several factors that helped establish America's oldest and most established African American elite in Atlanta.
City Gate in the New South: 1872-1905
New South
Henry W. Grady, editor of Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as the "New South" city, which meant economic diversification away from agriculture, and a shift from the "Southern Old" attitude of slavery and rebellion. As part of efforts to modernize the South, Grady and many others also supported the establishment of the Georgia Tech School (now the Georgia Institute of Technology), which was established in the northern suburbs in 1885. With the support of Grady, the Warrior House Confederation was built in 1889.
In 1880, Sister Cecilia Carroll, RSM, and three companions traveled from Savannah, Georgia to Atlanta to serve the sick. With just 50 cents in their collective wallet, the sisters opened the Atlanta Hospital, the first medical facility in town after the Civil War. This became known as Saint Joseph's Hospital.
Expansion and the first planned suburb
Beginning in 1871, horses were withdrawn, and then, beginning in 1888, electric trams triggered the development of real estate and urban expansion. Washington Street just south of the city center, and Peachtree Street in the north of the central business district, being a rich residential area.
In the 1890s, the West End became the outskirts of choice for the urban elite, but Inman Park, planned as a harmonious entity, soon replaced it in prestige. Peachtree Street's luxury houses reach further north to what is now Midtown Atlanta, including Amos G. Rhodes (founder of the Rhodes Furniture Company in 1875), Rhodes Hall, which is still accessible.
Atlanta surpassed Savannah as the largest city in Georgia in 1880.
Black liberation
As Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions increased. The late 19th and early 20th century immigration added a small number of new Europeans into the mix. After the Reconstruction, whites have used various tactics, including militias and legislation, to rebuild social and political supremacy throughout the South. Beginning with a poll tax in 1877, at the turn of the century, Georgia passed legislation completing the blackout. Even men who do not have college education can choose. Nevertheless, African Americans in Atlanta have developed their strong, educated businesses, institutions, churches and middle classes.
Coca-Cola
The identity of Atlanta and Coca-Cola has been in existence since 1886, when John Pemberton developed a soft drink in response to Atlanta and Fulton County would be "dry". The first sale was at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton company in 1887 and incorporated it as Coca Cola Company in 1888. In 1892 Candler merged his second company, The Coca-Cola Company, the current company. By the time of his 50th birthday, the drink had reached the status of a national icon in the US. Coca-Cola's headquarters has remained in Atlanta ever since. In 1991 the company opened Coca-Cola World, which remains one of the city's main visitors attractions.
Cotton States Expo and Booker T. Washington Speech
In 1895, the International Cotton Countries and Exhibitions were held in what is now Piedmont Park. Nearly 800,000 visitors attended the event. This exposition is designed to promote the region to the world and showcase new products and technologies and drive trade with Latin America. The exhibition features exhibitions from several countries including innovations in agriculture and technology. President Grover Cleveland leads the opening of the exposition. But this event is most remembered for both praising and criticizing the "Atlanta Compromise" speech given by Booker T. Washington in which the Southern blacks will work gently and bow to white political rule, whilst the white South ensures that blacks will receive basic education and legal proceedings. in the law.
Suburban and World War II: 1906-1945
1906 Ras Riot and results
Competition between white and black working classes for jobs and housing raises fears and tensions. In 1906, the print media sparked this tension with rumors of alleged sexual assault against white women by blacks, sparking the Atlanta Race Riots, which left at least 27 people dead (25 of them black) and more than 70 injured.
Rise of Sweet Auburn
Black businesses began to move from a business district center that was previously integrated into a relatively secure area around Atlanta University Center in the west of the city center, and to Auburn Avenue in the Fourth Ward just east of the city center. "Sweet" Auburn Avenue is home to Alonzo Herndon, Atlanta Mutual, the world's first life insurance company, and is home to major business centers, newspapers, churches and nightclubs. In 1956, Fortune magazine called Sweet Auburn "the richest street of the Negro in the world", a phrase created by civil rights leader John Wesley Dobbs. Sweet Auburn and the elite black college in Atlanta formed a prosperous and upscale black middle class relationship that emerged despite the enormous social and legal barriers.
Jim Crow's Law
Jim Crow's law was passed in turns in the years after the riots. The result is in some cases separate facilities, with almost always inferior conditions for black customers, but in most cases not producing facilities available to blacks, eg. all parks are set only white (although the private garden, Joyland, open in 1921). In 1910, the city council issued a law requiring restaurants to be set for one race only, the owner of a lame black restaurant that has attracted black and white customers. That same year, the Atlanta tram was separated, with the black shield needed to sit in the back. If not enough seats are available for all white riders, blacks who sit farthest ahead on the trolley are required to stand up and give their seats to the whites. In 1913, the city created official boundaries for white and black settlement areas. And in 1920, the city banned black-owned salons serving white women and children.
Beyond this, blacks are subject to the South Korean racial protocol, where, according to New Georgia Encyclopedia :
all blacks are required to pay homage to all whites, even low-ranking white folks. And even though they were asked to call the whites "master", blacks rarely accepted the same courtesy. Because even minor ethnic breaches often result in violent retaliation, the reverential codes in the region change everyday life into ritual theater, where every encounter, exchange, and movement reinforces black inferiority.
In 1913, Leo Frank, a Jewish inspector at a factory in Atlanta, was tried for raping and murdering a thirteen-year-old white employee from Marietta, a suburb of Atlanta. After doubts about Frank's mistakes caused the death penalty to be alleviated in 1915, riots broke out in Atlanta among whites. They kidnapped Frank from State Prison Farm in the town of Milledgeville, with a prison guard collusion, and took him to Marietta, where he was hanged. Later that year the Klan was reborn in Atlanta.
Country music scene
Many Appalachians come to Atlanta to work in cotton factories and bring their music with them. Beginning with the 1913 fiddler convention, Atlanta will be at the center of a growing country music scene. Atlanta will be an important center for country music recording and talent recruitment in the 1920s and 1930s, and a live music center for two additional decades thereafter.
Growth
In 1914 Asa Griggs Candler, founder of The Coca-Cola Company and brother of former President Emory Warren Candler, persuaded the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church to build a new Emory University campus in the burgeoning suburb of Druid Hills, which borders the northeast. Atlanta.
Great Atlanta Fire 1917
On May 21, 1917, the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings, mostly of wood, in what is now called the Fourth Ward. The fire caused 10,000 people to be homeless. Only one person died, a woman who died of a heart attack when she saw her home in ash.
In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Atlanta. With the city government approaching bankruptcy, Coca-Cola Company must help save the city deficit. The federal government stepped in to help Atlantans by setting up Techwood Homes, the country's first state-of-the-art housing project in 1935.
Go with the inaugural show Wind
On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, a film based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel. The stars of Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, and Olivia de Havilland were present. The premiere was held at Loew's Grand Theater, in Peachtree and Forsyth Streets, now in the Georgia-Pacific building. The huge crowd, numbering 300,000 people under the Atlanta Constitution, filled the streets on this cold night in Atlanta. A standing ovation greeted a group of Confederate veterans who were guests of honor.
The absence of movie black stars in the event
Visible not present is Hattie McDaniel, who will win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mammy, as well as Butterfly McQueen (Prissy). Black actors are prohibited from attending premiere, from appearing in souvenir programs, and from all movie advertisements in the South. Director David Selznick has been trying to bring McDaniel to the premiere, but MGM advises him not to. Clark Gable angrily threatened to boycott the premiere, but McDaniel convinced him to stay present. McDaniel did attend a Hollywood debut thirteen days later, and featured prominently in the program.
Martin Luther King's controversial participation
Martin Luther King, Jr. singing in the gala as part of a children's choir from his father's church, Ebenezer Baptist. Children dressed like pickaninnies and girls wearing "Aunt Jemima" bandanna -good, clothing seen by many blacks as embarrassing. John Wesley Dobbs tried to block Pdt. King, Sr. to participate in a special white event, and Pdt. King, Sr. has been criticized in the black community.
Transport Hub
In 1941, Delta Air Lines moved its headquarters to Atlanta. Delta will become the world's largest airline in 2008 after it acquired Northwest Airlines.
World War II
With the entry of the United States into World War II, soldiers from across the Southeastern United States went to Atlanta to practice and were then dismissed at Fort McPherson. War-related manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburbs of Marietta helps improve the city's population and economy. Shortly after the 1946 war, the Infectious Disease Center, later called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was established in Atlanta from the old Malaria Control Office and staff.
Suburbanization and Civil Rights: 1946-1989
In 1951, the city received the All-America City Award, due to its rapid growth and high standards of living in the southern US.
Annexation is the main strategy for growth. In 1952, Atlanta annexed Buckhead, as well as vast areas now northwest, southwest and south Atlanta, adding 82 square miles (210 km 2 ) and tripled its territory. Thus, 100,000 new rich white citizens are added, preserving white political forces as well as expanding the city's property tax base And enlarging the traditional upper-middle-class white league leadership. The class should now be space to expand within the city limits.
The federal court decision in 1962-63 ended the county-unit system that greatly reduced the rural control of Georgia over the state legislature, allowing Atlanta, and other cities, to gain proportional political power. The Federal Court opened Democratic Party voters to black voters, who jumped in numbers and became increasingly well organized through the Atlanta Negro Voters League.
Blockbusting and racial transitions in the environment
In the late 1950s, after the pattern of forcible housing was forbidden, organized violence, intimidation and political pressure were used in some white neighborhoods to prevent blacks from buying houses there. By the late 1950s, however, such attempts had proved futile because blacks were driving to sell their homes in environments like Adamsville, Center Hill, Grove Park in northwest Atlanta, and the white parts of Edgewood and Kirkwood on the east side. In 1961, the city tried to thwart blockbusting by setting up a roadblock in Cascade Heights, against the efforts of civil and business leaders to foster Atlanta as "a city too busy to hate." But attempts to stop the transition at Cascade failed as well. The new homeowner's home environment is deeply rooted, helping to alleviate the great tension from the lack of housing available to African-Americans. The western and southern neighborhoods of Atlanta transitioned into a black majority - between 1960 and 1970 with a census of at least 90% black, triples. East Lake, Kirkwood, Watts Road, Reynoldstown, Almond Park, Mozley Park, Center Hill and Cascade Heights undergo a nearly total transition from white to black. The proportion of black urban dwellers increased from 38 to 51%. Meanwhile, during the same decade, the city lost 60,000 whites, a 20% drop.
White flights and mall construction in the suburbs triggered a slow decline in the central business district. Meanwhile, conservatism grew rapidly in the suburbs, and the whites of Georgia were increasingly willing to vote for the Republicans, especially Newt Gingrich.
Civil Rights Movement
Behind the important decision of the US Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education , which helped lead the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta erupted in the violence. For example, on October 12, 1958, a Jewish Reform temple on Peachtree Street was bombed. "Confederation of Underground" claimed responsibility. Many believe that Jews, especially those from the northeast, are supporters of the Civil Rights Movement.
In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center for the Civil Rights Movement, with Dr. Martin Luther King and college students from black colleges and universities in Atlanta who play a leading role in movement leadership. On October 19, 1960, sitting at the lunch counter at several Atlanta department stores led to the arrest. King and some students. It attracted the attention of the national media and from the presidential candidate John F. Kennedy.
Despite this incident, Atlanta political and business leaders pushed the image of Atlanta as "a city too busy to be hated." Although most cities avoided confrontation, minor unrest occurred in 1965 and in 1968.
Desegregation
The desegregation of the public space came gradually, with segregated buses and trolleybuses in 1959, the restaurant at Rich's department store in 1961, (though the famous Pickrick Lester Maddox restaurant remained separated until 1964), and the cinema in 1962-3. While in 1961, Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. became one of the few white Southern mayors to support the desegregation of the city's public schools, the early adherence was a sign, and in reality the desegregation took place gradually from 1961 to 1973. 1962 air crash and influence on art scene
In 1962, Atlanta in general and the arts community were particularly shaken by the deaths of 106 people on Air France charter flight 007, which fell. The Atlanta Art Association has sponsored a month-long tour of Europe's art treasures. 106 tour members were heading back home to Atlanta on a flight. This group includes many Atlanta cultural and civilian leaders. Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. went to Orly, France to check the location of the crash where so many important Atlantis were killed. The loss was a catalyst for art in Atlanta and helped create the Woodruff Art Center, originally called the Memorial Art Center, as a tribute to the victims, and led to the creation of the Atlanta Arts Alliance. The French government donated a Rodin statue, The Shade , to High to commemorate the victims of the accident.
The accident occurred during the Civil Rights Movement and influenced him as well. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Harry Belafonte announced the cancellation of sitting in downtown Atlanta as a peaceful movement to a grieving city, while the Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X gained widespread national attention for the first time by expressing joy over the all-white group's death.
Highway construction and rebellion
The Atlanta highway system was completed in the 1950s and 1960s, with Perimeter completed in 1969. Historical environments such as Washington-Rawson and Copenhill were damaged or destroyed in the process. Another proposed highway was never built due to the city's protests. The opposition lasted for three decades, with then-current governor Jimmy Carter playing a key role in stopping the I-485 through Morningside and Virginia Highland into Inman Park in 1973, but pushed hard in 1980 for "Presidential Parkway" between Downtown, the new Carter. Center and Druid Hills/Emory.
Urban update
In the slums of the 1960s like Buttermilk Bottom near the Civic Center today were destroyed, in principle to build better housing, but much of the land would remain empty until 1980 when mixed-income communities were built in what was named Bedford Pine. The African-American community in the east downtown suffers as the black economic center moves right into southwest Atlanta. During the 1960s, African-American rights groups such as the U-Rescue emerged to address the lack of housing for poor blacks.
The buyer moves to a new mall when Downtown gets a new role
The first major mall built in Atlanta was Lenox Square in Buckhead, opened in August 1959. From 1964 to 1973, nine major malls opened, mostly on the perimeter of Perimeter: Cobb Center in 1963, Columbia Mall in 1964, North DeKalb and Greenbriar mall in 1965, South DeKalb Mall in 1968, Phipps Plaza (near Lenox Square) in 1969, Perimeter mall and Northlake in 1971, and Cumberland Mall in 1973. Downtown Atlanta became less and less a shopping destination for buyers in the area. Rich's closed its flagship store downtown in 1991, leaving government offices as a major hub in the Southern City Center area around it.
On the north side of Five Points, Downtown continues as the largest concentration of office space in Metro Atlanta, despite starting to compete with Midtown, Buckhead, and the suburbs. The first 4 Peachtree Center towers were built in 1965-1967, including the Hyatt Regency Atlanta, designed by John Portman, with a 22-floor atrium. In total, seventeen buildings over fifteen floors were built in the 1960s. Downtown Atlanta's center of gravity is also moving north from the Five Points area to the Peachtree Center.
Convention facilities and hotels in Atlanta will also grow rapidly. John C. Portman, Jr. designing and opening what is now a mart merchandise AmericasMart in 1958; Sheraton Atlanta, the city's first convention hotel, was built in the 1960s; Atlanta Hilton opened in 1971; as did two hotels designed by Portman: Peachtree Plaza Hotel is now owned by the Westin in 1976, and Marriott in 1985. The Omni Coliseum opened in 1976, as did the Georgia World Congress Center ( GWCC ). The GWCC is expanded several times over the next few decades and helps make Atlanta one of the city's major conventions.
Black political power and Mayor Jackson
In 1960, whites made up 61.7% of the city's population. African Americans became the majority in the city in 1970, and exercised a newly discovered political influence by selecting Atlanta's first black mayor, Maynard Jackson, in 1973.
During Jackson's first period as Mayor, much progress was made in improving race relations in and around Atlanta, and Atlanta gained the motto "A Town Too Busy for Hate." As mayor, he led the beginning and much progress in several major public works projects in Atlanta and its territory. He helped arrange the rebuilding of the airport's major terminals to modern standards, and the airport was renamed Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in his honor shortly after his death, also named after the International Terminal Maynard Holbrook Jackson, Jr. which opened in May 2012. He also fought against the construction of the highway through an intimate environment.
Construction of the MARTA rail system
In 1965, the Georgia General Assembly's action created the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, or MARTA . MARTA will provide fast transit for the five largest metro districts: DeKalb, Fulton, Clayton, Gwinnett, and Cobb, but a referendum that allows participation in the system fails in Cobb County. A 1968 referendum to fund MARTA failed, but in 1971, Fulton and DeKalb Counties passed a 1% sales tax increase to finance the operation, while Clayton and Gwinnett county strongly rejected taxes in the referendum, fearing the introduction of crime and "undesirable elements". In 1972, the agency purchased the Atlanta Transit Company, which had only buses. Construction began on a new rail system in 1975, and service began on 30 June 1979, running east-west from Georgia State University to downtown Avondale. The Five Point city center opened later that year. The short north-south line opened in 1981, which in 1984 was extended to reach from Brookhaven to Lakewood/Fort McPherson. In 1988, the line was extended to the station inside the airport terminal. The line originally planned to run into Emory University is under consideration.
Child killing
Atlanta was rocked by a series of child murders from the summer of 1979 to the spring of 1981. Over a two-year period, at least 18 children, adolescents, and adults were killed, all black. The original Atlanta Wayne Williams, also black and 23 years old at the time of the final murder, was convicted of two murders and sent to life imprisonment.
Mayor Andrew Young
In 1981, after being urged by a number of people, including Coretta Scott King, widow of Martin Luther King Jr., Democratic Congressman Andrew Young ran for mayor of Atlanta. He was elected late that year with 55% of the vote, replacing Maynard Jackson. As mayor of Atlanta, he brought in $ 70 billion in new private investment. He went on and expanded Maynard Jackson's programs to include minority businesses and women in all city contracts. The Mayor's Task Force for Education established the Jamboree College College Fair that triple the college scholarship granted to Atlanta state school graduates. In 1985, he was involved in the privatization of the Atlanta Zoo, which was renamed the Atlanta Zoo. The zoo, which was then almost completely overhauled, created a special ecological habitat for different animals.
Young was re-elected Mayor in 1985 with over 80% of the vote. Atlanta hosted the 1988 Democratic National Convention during Young's leadership. He is banned with time limits for running for a third term. He was replaced by Maynard Jackson who returned as mayor from 1990 to 1994. Bill Campbell succeeded Jackson as mayor in 1994 and served until 2002.
Mayor and Campbell Atlanta Atlanta Empowerment Zone failure
In November 1994, the Atlanta Empowerment Zone was founded, a 10-year federal program, $ 250 million to revitalize the 34 poorest neighborhoods in Atlanta including The Bluff. Spicy reports from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Georgia Department of Public Affairs reveal corruption, waste, bureaucratic inability, and specifically mention the intervention of mayor Bill Campbell.
In 1993-1996 about 250,000 people attended Freaknik, an annual Spring Break meeting for African Americans that was not organized centrally and which resulted in a lot of traffic jams and increased crime. After 1996 the annual bloodbath was lost and the event was moved to other cities.
Olympics and World Cities: 1990-present
Summer Olympics 1996
In 1990, the International Olympic Committee chose Atlanta as the venue for the Summer Olympic Summer 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major construction projects to improve city parks, sports facilities and transportation, including the completion of the long-contested Freedom Parkway. Former Mayor Bill Campbell allowed many "tent cities" to be built, creating a carnival atmosphere around the game. Atlanta became the third American city to host the Summer Olympics. Louis (Summer Olympics 1904) and Los Angeles (1932 and 1984). The games themselves are famous in the world of sports, but they are undermined by various organizational inefficiencies. The dramatic event was the bombing of Centennial Olympic Park, where two people were killed, one from a heart attack, and several others wounded. Eric Robert Rudolph was later convicted of bombings as anti-government protests and pro-life.
Mayorship Shirley Franklin
Shirley Franklin in 2001 became mayor is her first run for public office. He won, replacing Mayor Bill Campbell after winning 50 percent of the vote. Facing a large and unexpected budget deficit, Franklin slashed the number of government employees and raised taxes to balance the budget as quickly as possible.
Franklin made improvements to Atlanta's drainage system the primary focus of his office. Prior to the term Franklin, Atlanta's combined exhaust system violated the federal Water Act and burdened the city government with a fine from the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2002, Franklin announced an initiative called "Clean Water Atlanta" to address the problem and begin to improve the city's sewer system.
He has been praised for his efforts to make Atlanta City "green." Under Franklin's leadership, Atlanta has changed from having the lowest percentage of LEED-certified buildings to one of the highest.
In 2005, TIME Magazine named Franklin of the top five American city mayors. In October of the same year, she was included in the US News & amp; World Report "Best Leaders of 2005". With strong popular support and strong support from the business sector, Franklin was re-elected Mayor of Atlanta in 2005, garnering over 90 percent of the vote.
tornado 2008
On March 14, 2008, a tornado broke through downtown Atlanta, the first since the weather was recorded in 1880. There was minor damage to many skyscrapers in the city center. However, two holes torn into the roof of the Georgia Dome, knocking down the catwalk and scoreboard as the debris rained down the field in the middle of the SEC game. Hotel Omni suffered great damage, along with Centennial Olympic Park and Georgia World Congress Center. Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills and Oakland Cemetery were also damaged.
BeltLine
In 2005, the $ 2.8 billion BeltLine project was adopted, with the stated objective of transforming a 22-mile railway line that encompasses the city center into an art-filled multi-purpose pathway and boosts urban park space by 40%.
Gentrification
Since 2000, Atlanta has undergone a profound cultural, demographic, and physical transformation. Most of the city's changes over the past decade have been driven by young college-educated professionals: from 2000 to 2009, a three-mile radius around Downtown Atlanta earned 9,722 people aged 25 to 34 who hold at least a four-year degree, a 61% increase. Meanwhile, as gentrification spread throughout the city, Atlanta's cultural offerings flourished: the High Museum of Art doubled; The Theater Alliance wins the Tony Award; and many art galleries were established in Westside which used to be industry.
Racial transition
The black population in the Atlanta area was fast in the suburbs of the 1990s and 2000s. From 2000 to 2010, Atlanta's black population shrank by 31,678 people, down from 61.4% to 54.0% of the population. While blacks are out of town and DeKalb County, the black population has risen sharply in other areas of Metro Atlanta by 93.1%. During the same period, the proportion of white people in the city grew dramatically - faster than other major cities in the US between 2000-2006. Between 2000 and 2010, Atlanta added 22,763 whites, and the proportion of white population increased from 31% to 38%. In 2009, the white mayor, Mary Norwood, lost only 714 votes (from 84,000 players) to Kasim Reed. It represents a historical change from perception up to that point that Atlanta was "guaranteed" to elect a black mayor. However, other areas, such as Marietta and Alpharetta, see demographic changes similar to the large increase between middle and upper blacks and Asians - mostly former residents of Atlanta.
Recent events
In 2009 the Atlanta General School scandal scandal began, called ABC News as "the worst in the country", which resulted in the indictment of Inspector of 2013 Beverly Hall.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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