New Orleans ( , locally ; French: < b> La Nouvelle-OrlÃÆ' Â © ans [la nuv? L ?? le ??] Ã, ( listen ) ) is the major port of the United States and the largest and metropolitan city area in the state of Louisiana.
The city's population is 343,829 in the US Census 2010. The New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and is the 46th largest in the United States. The Joint Statistical Area of ​​New Orleans-Metairie-Bogalusa, a larger trading area, has a 2010 population of 1,452,502. Before Hurricane Katrina, Parish Orleans was the most populous parish in Louisiana. In 2015, the third rank, lags behind Jefferson Parish and East Baton Rouge Parish. The city of New Orleans is geographically coextensive with Orleans Parish.
The city is known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multi-lingual heritage. New Orleans is famous for its cuisine, music (especially as the birthplace of jazz) and annual celebrations and festivals, especially Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in the United States.
New Orleans is located in southeast Louisiana, and occupies both sides of the Mississippi River. The heart of the city and the French Quarter are on the north side of the river. Cities and Orleans Parish (in French: paroisse d'OrlÃÆ' Â © ans ) are close together. Cities and parishes are limited by the parishes of St. Tammany in the north, St. Bernard in the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, partly located within the city limits, lies to the north and Lake Borgne is located to the east.
Video New Orleans
Name
The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who ruled as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723. It has many illustrative nicknames:
- Crescent City alludes to the Lower Mississippi River trip around and through the city.
- The Big Easy may be a reference by musicians in the early 20th century to relatively easily find a job there. It probably originated in the Prohibition era, when the city was considered one of the great speakeasy because of the government's inability to control the sale of alcohol in open breaches of the 18th Amendment.
- The Town of Care Forgot has been in use since at least 1938, and refers to the friendly and cheerful nature of the population.
Maps New Orleans
History
Beginning
La Nouvelle-Orlà © Å © ans (New Orleans) was founded in the Spring of 1718 (May 7 has been the traditional date to mark the anniversary, but the actual day is unknown) by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville , in the land inhabited by Chitimacha. Named for Philippe II, Duke of Orlà © ans, who was the Regent of the French Empire at the time. The title comes from the French city of Orlà © ans.
The French colony was handed over to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris (1763). During the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, and transporting military equipment and supplies to the Mississippi River. Bernardo de GÃÆ'¡lvez y Madrid, Count of GÃÆ'¡lvez successfully launched a southern campaign against England from the city in 1779. Nueva Orleans (the name of New Orleans in Spanish) remained under Spanish control until 1803, when returned briefly to the French government. Almost all surviving 18th century architecture of the Vieux Carrà © (French Quarter) dates from the Spanish period, especially except the Old Ursuline Convent.
United States Region
Napoleon sold Louisiana (New France) to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. After that, the city grew rapidly with the entry of Americans, French, Creole and Africans. Then immigrants are Irish, German and Italian. The main commodities of sugar and cotton are cultivated by forced labor in the nearest large plantations.
Thousands of refugees from the Haitian Revolution 1804, both white and free-colored (affiliated or gens de couleur libres), arrived in New Orleans, often accompanied by African slaves offspring. While Governor Claiborne and other officials want to prevent the addition of blacks, Creole France wants to increase its French-speaking population. As more refugees were allowed into the Territory of Orleans, Haiti ÃÆ'Â © migrÃÆ'Â © who first went to Cuba also arrived. Many white Francophones have been deported by officials in Cuba in retaliation for the Bonapartist scheme.
Nearly 90 percent of these immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 Africans, and 3,226 African slaves, doubling the city's population. The city is 63 percent black, a larger proportion of Charleston, South Carolina 53 percent.
Battle of New Orleans
During the last campaign of the War of 1812, the British sent an army of 11,000 in an attempt to capture New Orleans. Despite major challenges, General Andrew Jackson, with support from the US Navy, succeeded in uniting militia forces from Louisiana and Mississippi, including color-free men, permanent US troops, large contingents of Tennessee state militia, Kentucky rifles, Choctaw fighters and privateers local (lastly led by pirate Jean Lafitte), to convincingly defeat the British troops, led by Sir Edward Pakenham, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.
The army was not aware of the signed Treaty of Ghent on 24 December 1814 (however, the treaty did not call for the cessation of hostilities until after the two governments had ratified it.) The US government ratified it on 16 February 1815). The battle in Louisiana had begun in December 1814 and did not end until the end of January, after the Americans detained the British Navy during the Fort St. day siege. Philip (Royal Navy continued to capture Fort Bowyer near Mobile, before commanders received news of a peace treaty).
Port
As a port, New Orleans played a major role during the pre-war era in Atlantic slave trade. The port handles commodities to be exported from inland and imported goods from other countries, which are flown and transferred to New Orleans to smaller vessels and distributed along the Mississippi River. The river is filled with steamers, sailboats, and sailboats. Despite its role in the slave trade, New Orleans at the time had the largest and most prosperous colored people community in the country, a frequently-educated, middle-class property owner.
Slavery and immigration
Dwarfing other cities in the South before the war, New Orleans has the largest slave market in the country. The market grew after the US ended international trade in 1808. Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves taken to the Southern End arrived through forced migration in the domestic slave trade. The money generated by slave sales in Upper South has been estimated at 15 percent of the economic value of staple crops. The slaves are collectively valued at half a billion dollars. Additional economies grew up around the trade - for transportation, housing and clothing, fees, etc., estimated at 13.5% of the price per person, totaling tens of billions of dollars (2005 dollars, adjusted for inflation) during the start of the war. period, with New Orleans as the main beneficiary.
Menurut sejarawan Paul Lachance,
the addition of white immigrants [from Saint-Domingue] to the white creole population allowed French speakers to remain the majority of the white population until nearly 1830. If most people are color-free and slaves do not speak French either, however, the Galia Community will be a minority of the total population as early as 1820.
After the Louisiana Purchase, many Anglo-Americans migrated to the city. Population doubled in the 1830s and by 1840, New Orleans had become the richest and third largest city in the country. German and Irish immigrants began arriving in the 1840s, working as port workers. In this period, the state legislature passed more restrictions on slave maneuvers and nearly ended in 1852.
In the 1850s, white Francophones remained a vibrant and vibrant community. They retain instructions in French in two of the four city school districts (all white). In 1860, the city had 13,000 free-colored people, free class, mostly mixed race people who developed during the French and Spanish governments. The census was recorded as 81 percent as mulatto, a term used to cover all levels of mixed race. Most of the Francophone group, they are an artistic, educated and professional class from African Americans. Most blacks are still enslaved, working in ports, in domestic service, in handicrafts, and mostly in many sugarcane plantations in the vicinity.
After growing by 45 percent in the 1850s, by 1860, the city had nearly 170,000 people. It has grown in wealth, with "per capita income being the second in this country and the highest in the South." The city has a role as "the main commercial gateway for the rapidly growing midsection." The port is the third largest country in terms of tonnage of imported goods, after Boston and New York, handling 659,000 tonnes in 1859.
Civil War
As the Creole elite feared, the Civil War changed their world. In 1862, after the occupation by the Navy after the Applause of Jackson and St. Philip, led by General Benjamin F. Butler, a respected state lawyer from the Massachusetts militia, the Northern forces occupied the city. Then the people of New Orleans nicknamed him "Beast" Butler, because of military orders issued. After his troops were attacked and harassed on the streets by the South woman, his orders warned that such future events would result in his men treating such "women" as "plying their avarice in the streets", implying that they would treat women. like a whore. This account is widespread. He also came to be called "spoon" Butler because of alleged plunder by his troops while occupying the city.
Butler abolished French instruction in the city's schools. The size was statewide in 1864 and, after the war, 1868 further strengthened British policy-imposed only by federal representation. With the dominance of English speakers, the language has become dominant in business and government. By the end of the 19th century, French usage had faded. It was also under pressure from Irish immigrants, Italians and Germans. However, until 1902 "a quarter of the city's population spoke French in ordinary everyday relationships, while the other two quarters were able to understand the language perfectly," and by the end of 1945, many older women in Creole could not speak English.. The latest French-language newspaper, L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orlà © Å © ans (New Orleans Bee), ceased publication on December 27, 1923, after ninety-six years. According to some sources, Le Courrier de la Nouvelle Orleans continued until 1955.
When the city was captured and occupied at the beginning of the war, it saved the destruction through the wars suffered by many other cities in South America. The Union Army eventually expanded its control to the north along the Mississippi River and along the coast. As a result, much of southern Louisiana was initially exempt from the liberating provisions of the "Emancipation Proclamation of Emancipation" of 1863 issued by President Abraham Lincoln. A large number of ex-rural slaves and some colored freepeople from the city volunteered for the first regiment of the Blacks in the War. Led by Brigadier General Daniel Ullman (1810-1892), of the 78th Regiment of the New York State Volunteer Militia, they were known as "Corps d'Afrique." When the name was used by pre-war militias, the group consisted of free-colored people. The new group consisted mostly of ex-slaves. They were added in the last two years of War by the newly-organized United States Colored Troop, which played an increasingly important part in the war.
Reconstruction
Violence throughout the South, in particular the Memphis Riots of 1866 followed by the New Orleans Riots of the same year, caused Congress to pass the Reconstruction and Amendment Act of the Fourteenth, extending full citizenship protection to free men and free skins. Louisiana and Texas were placed under the authority of the "Fifth Military District" of the United States during Reconstruction. Louisiana was accepted back to Union in 1868. His constitution of 1868 granted universal male and male universal suffrage. Both blacks and whites were selected to local and state offices. In 1872, the lieutenant governor of P.B.S. Pinchback, who is a mixed race, succeeded Henry Clay Warmouth for a brief period as governor of Louisiana in the Republic, became the first governor of African descent from an American country (the next African Americans to serve as governor of the American states was Douglas Wilder, elected in Virginia in the year 1989). New Orleans operated a racially integrated public school system during this period.
Wartime damage to levees and towns along the Mississippi River has had a negative impact on southern crops and trade. The federal government contributes to restore infrastructure. The national financial recession and Panic of 1873 harm businesses and slow the economic recovery.
From 1868, the election in Louisiana was marked by violence, when the white rebels tried to suppress the black vote and disrupt the Republican meeting. Violence continues around the election. The disputed election of the 1872 governor resulted in a conflict that lasted for many years. The "White League", a rebel paramilitary group supporting the Democratic Party, was held in 1874 and operated out in the open, loudly suppressing black voices and fleeing Republican officials. In 1874, at the Battle of Liberty Place, 5,000 White League members fought with city police to take over state offices for Democratic candidates for governors, holding them for three days. In 1876, such tactics resulted in a white Democrat, called the Redeemer, regaining political control from the state legislature. The federal government surrendered and withdrew its forces in 1877, ending the Reconstruction.
Jim Crow Era
The White Democrats passed Jim Crow's law, building racial segregation at public facilities. In 1889, the legislature passed a constitutional amendment entitling the "grandfather clause" that effectively liberated free men and also the color-rich men won before the war. Unable to vote, African Americans can not serve on juries or in local offices, and are closed from formal politics for generations. The south is governed by a white Democratic Party. The public schools were racially segregated and remained so until 1960.
A large, well-educated community of New Orleans, people who often speak French ( gens de couleur libres ), who were free before the Civil War, fought against Jim Crow. They organized the ComitÃÆ' Â © des Citoyens (Citizen Committee) to work for civil rights. As part of their legal campaign, they recruited one of their own, Homer Plessy, to test whether the recently enacted Louisiana Separate Car Act was constitutional. Plessy boarded a commuter train that departed from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana, sat in a car reserved for whites only, and was arrested. Cases resulting from this incident, Plessy v. Ferguson , was heard by the US Supreme Court in 1896. The court ruled that "separate but equal" accommodation was constitutional, effectively upholding Jim Crow's measures. In practice, African-American schools and public facilities are underfunded in the South. The Supreme Court ruling contributed to this period as the lowest point of race relations in the United States. The rate of black man's destruction is high in the South, as other countries also deprive him of blacks and try to impose Jim Crow. Nativist prejudices also appear. The anti-Italian sentiment in 1891 contributed to the destruction of 11 Italians, some of whom were exempt from the assassination of the police chief. Some were shot and killed in prisons where they were detained. It is the largest mass execution in US history. In July 1900, the city was swept by white mob riots after Robert Charles, an African American youth, killed a policeman and escaped for a while. Mass killed him and about 20 other blacks; seven white people died in the conflict for days, until the state militias oppressed him.
Throughout New Orleans history, until the early 20th century when medical and scientific advances improved the situation, the city experienced epidemics of repeated yellow fever and tropical diseases and other infections.
20th century
The economic and population centers of New Orleans in relation to other American cities occurred in the prewar period. It was the nation's fifth largest city in 1860 (after New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore) and significantly larger than all other southern cities. From the mid-19th century rapid economic growth shifted to other areas, while the relative importance of New Orleans continued to decline. The growth of railways and highways lowers river traffic, diverting goods to corridors and other transport markets. Thousands of the most ambitious people of color left the country in the Great Migration around World War II and thereafter, much for the West Coast purpose. From the late 1800s, most censuses noted New Orleans slipped in the rankings in the list of the largest American cities (population of New Orleans is still increasing throughout the period, but at a slower rate than before the Civil War).
In the mid-20th century, New Orleanian admitted that their city was no longer the leading urban area in the South. In 1950, Houston, Dallas, and Atlanta surpassed New Orleans in size, and in 1960 Miami surpassed New Orleans, even when the last population reached its historic peak. Like other older American cities, the construction of highways and suburban development drew residents from downtown to new housing outside. The 1970 census recorded the first absolute decline in the population since the city became part of the United States in 1803. The New Orleans metropolitan area continues to grow in populations, albeit slower than other major Sun Belt cities. While ports remain one of the largest, automation and containers cost a lot of work. The former city as a banker in the South was replaced by bigger larger cities. The New Orleans economy has always been more based on trade and financial services than manufacturing, but the relatively small manufacturing sector of the city also shrank after World War II. Despite several successful economic developments under the administration of DeLesseps "Chep" Morrison (1946-1961) and Victor "Vic" Schiro (1961-1970), New Orleans metropolitan growth rates consistently lag behind the more powerful cities.
Civil Rights Movement
During the later years of the Morrison government, and for the entire city of Schiro, the city is the center of the Civil Rights Movement. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was established in New Orleans, and lunch counters were held at Canadian Street department stores. A series of loud and violent confrontations took place in 1960 when the city attempted to desegregate the school, following the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). When the six-year-old Bridges integrates William Frantz Elementary School in the 9th Ward, he is the first child of color to attend a formerly white school in the South.
The success of the Civil Rights Movement in obtaining the federal part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Selecting Rights Act renewed constitutional rights, including voting for blacks. Together, this produced the furthest change in 20th century New Orleans history. Although legal and civil equations were re-established in the late 1960s, large gaps in income and educational attainment remained among the white and African-American communities of the city. When the middle class and wealthy members of both races leave the city center, the income levels of the population decline, and proportionately more African Americans. From 1980, the majority of African-Americans chose primarily officials from their own communities. They struggle to narrow the gap by creating conditions conducive to the economic improvement of African-American communities.
New Orleans became increasingly reliant on tourism as a mainstay of the economy during the administration of Sidney Barthelemy (1986-1994) and Marc Morial (1994-2002). The relatively low level of educational attainment, high levels of household poverty, and increased crime threaten urban prosperity in the next decades of this century. The negative effects of this socioeconomic condition are aligned with the changes at the end of the 20th century with the US economy, reflecting a post-industrial, knowledge-based paradigm in which mental and educational skills are more important for progress than manuals. skills.
Drainage and flood control
In the 20th century, governments and New Orleans business leaders believed they needed to drain and expand remote areas to provide city expansion. The most ambitious development during this period was the drainage plan designed by engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood, designed to break the surrounding marshes on the city's geographic expansion. Until then, urban development in New Orleans was largely confined to higher ground along natural river dikes and bays.
The wood pump system allows the city to drain huge swamp and swamp tracts and extend them into lowland areas. During the 20th century, rapid decline, both caused by nature and humans, resulted in these newly populated areas slumped to several feet below sea level.
New Orleans is vulnerable to flood even before the city's trail departs from the natural highlands near the Mississippi River. By the end of the 20th century, however, scientists and residents of New Orleans gradually became aware of the increasing vulnerability of the city. In 1965, floods from Betsy Hurricane killed dozens of residents, although most of the city remained dry. Floods induced by rain May 8, 1995, indicate the weakness of the pumping system. After the incident, action was taken to dramatically increase the pumping capacity. In the 1980s and 1990s, scientists observed that widespread, rapid, and sustained erosion in swamps and swamps around New Orleans, particularly those associated with the Mississippi River - the Gulf Channel Canal, had a result that did not desirable for leaving the city more vulnerable than ever to storm-induced storm-typhoon storms.
21st century
Hurricane Katrina
New Orleans was heavily influenced by what Raymond B. Seed called "the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl", when the Federal embankment system failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. As the storm hit the city in late August 2005, most residents has been evacuated. When the storm hit the Gulf Coast, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history. Floods and embankments built by the United States Army Engineer Corps failed under design specifications and 80% of flood cities. Tens of thousands of residents are either rescued or otherwise headed for the last refuge at the Louisiana Superdome or the New Orleans Moral Convention Center. More than 1,500 people have been recorded dead in Louisiana, mostly in New Orleans, while others remain undiscovered. Before Hurricane Katrina, the city called for the first mandatory evacuation in its history, to be followed by another mandatory evacuation three years later with Hurricane Gustav.
Hurricane Rita
The city is declared off limits to the population while attempts to clean up after Hurricane Katrina begin. The approach of Hurricane Rita in September 2005 caused resettlement efforts to be postponed, and the Lower Ninth Ward was flooded by a storm wave of Rita.
Post-disaster recovery
Due to the scale of the damage, many people live outside the area permanently. Federal, state and local efforts support recovery and reconstruction in a heavily damaged environment. The Census Bureau in July 2006 estimated the population to be 223,000; a subsequent study estimated that an additional 32,000 inhabitants had moved into the city in March 2007, bringing the population estimate to 255,000, about 56% of the pre-Katrina population rate. Another estimate, based on utility use from July 2007, estimates the population to be about 274,000 or 60% of the pre-Katrina population. This estimate is somewhat smaller than the third estimate, based on mailing notes, from the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center in June 2007, which indicates that the city has regained some two-thirds of the pre-Katrina population. In 2008, the Census Bureau revised its population forecast for the city upwards, to 336,644. More recently, the 2010 forecast shows that the non-flooded environment is close to or greater than 100% of their pre-Katrina population.
Some major tour events and other forms of income for the city have returned. Great service back. Game college bowl back for season 2006-2007. The New Orleans Saints back in that season. The New Orleans Hornets (now named Pelikan) returned to town for the 2007-2008 season. New Orleans hosted the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. In addition, the city hosted the Super Bowl XLVII.
Major annual events such as Mardi Gras and Jazz & amp; Heritage Festival has never been abandoned or canceled. A new annual festival, "The Running of the Bulls New Orleans", was created in 2007.
On February 7, 2017, a large EF3 tornado crashed into the eastern side of the city, damaging houses and other buildings, as well as destroying home car parks. At least 25 people were left wounded by the incident.
Geography
New Orleans is located on the Mississippi River Delta, south of Lake Pontchartrain, on the banks of the Mississippi River, about 105 miles (169 km) upstream of the Gulf of Mexico. According to the US Census Bureau, the city area is 350 square miles (910 km 2 ), which is 169 square miles (440 km 2 )) and 181 square miles (470 km < soup> 2 ) (52%) is water. Parish Orleans is the smallest parish based on the mainland in Louisiana. The area along the river is characterized by mountains and valleys.
Altitude
New Orleans originally settled on a natural dike or river plateau. Following the Flood Control Act of 1965, the US Army Engineer Corps constructed flood walls and manmade embankments around a much larger geographical footprint that included earlier swamps and swamps. Over time, pumping water from swamps is allowed for development to lower elevation areas. Today, most cities are at or below the local mean sea level. The evidence suggests that parts of the city may decline due to elevation. Because the movement of the earth's surface shifts downward relative to sea level.
A 2007 study by Tulane and Xavier University states that "51%... of adjacent parts of Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard parishes are located at or above sea level," with more populous areas generally in the plains higher. The average city altitude is currently between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) below sea level, with some parts of the city as high as 20 feet (6 m) at the base of the river embankment at Uptown and another - another as low as 7 feet (2 m) below sea level in the furthest part of Eastern New Orleans. A study published by the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering by 2016, however, states:
... much of New Orleans - about 65% - is at or below the mean sea level, as defined by the mean elevation of Lake Pontchartrain
The magnitude of the decline that is potentially caused by the draining of natural swamps in the area of ​​New Orleans and southeastern Louisiana is a topic of debate. A study published in Geology in 2006 by a professor at Tulane University claimed:
While the erosion and loss of wetlands is a major problem along the Louisiana coast, the 30 foot (9.1 m) to 50 foot (15 m) basement under Mississippi Delta has been very stable over the last 8,000 years with a negligible level of decline.
However, the study notes that the results do not always apply to the Mississippi River Delta, or the New Orleans Metropolitan region. On the other hand, a report by the American Society of Civil Engineers claims that "New Orleans subsided (drowned)":
Most of Orleans, St. Bernard, and the Jefferson parishes are currently under the surface of the sea - and continue to drown. New Orleans is built on thousands of feet of soft sand, silt, and clay. Subsidence, or surface sedimentation, occurs naturally due to the consolidation and oxidation of organic soils (called "marsh" in New Orleans) and local groundwater pumping. In the past, sediment flooding and sediments from the Mississippi River offset the natural decline, leaving southeast Louisiana at or above sea level. However, due to the large flood control structure built upstream in the Mississippi River and the embankment built around New Orleans, a new layer of sediment does not fill the soil lost by the ambles.
In May 2016, NASA published a study showing that most areas, in fact, experienced a decline in "varying degrees" that were "generally consistent with, but somewhat higher than, previous studies."
Cityscape
The Central Business District is located just north and west of Mississippi and is historically called the "American Quarter" or "The American Sector." It was developed after the heart of French and Spanish settlement. This includes Lafayette Square. Most of the roads in this area are spreading from the central point. Major roads include Canal Street, Poydras Street, Tulane Avenue, and Loyola Avenue. Canal Street divides the traditional "downtown" area of ​​the "downtown" area.
Every Canal Street crossroads between the Mississippi River and Rampart Street, which is the northern end of the French Quarter, has different names for the "downtown" and "downtown" sections. For example, St. Charles Avenue, known for its street car ramps, is called Royal Street under Canal Street, though it crosses the Central Business District between the Canal and Lee Circle, Charles Street. Elsewhere in the city, Canal Street serves as a dividing point between the "South" and "North" sections of the various roads. In the local language the city center means "downstream of Canal Street", while uptown means "upstream of Canal Street". The downtown neighborhood includes the French Quarter, TremÃÆ'Â ©, the 7th Ward, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater (Ninth Upper Ward), and the Lower Ninth Ward. Neighborhood environments include Warehouse District, Lower Park District, Garden District, Irish Channel, University District, Carrollton, Gert City, Fontainebleau, and Broadmoor. However, the Warehouse and the Central Business District are often called "Downtown" as specific areas, such as in the Downtown Development District.
Other major districts within the city include Bayou St. John, Mid-City, Gentilly, Lakeview, Lakefront, New Orleans East and Algeria.
Historic and residential architecture
New Orleans is world-renowned for its many architectural styles that reflect the city's multicultural heritage. Although New Orleans has many structures of national architectural significance, it is equal, if not more, respected for its enormous surroundings, largely intact (even after Katrina) built. Twenty Historical District National Registrations have been established, and fourteen local historic districts assist in conservation. Thirteen districts are administered by the New Orleans Landmark District District Commission (HDLC), while one - the French Quarter - is administered by the Vieux Carre Commission (VCC). In addition, both the National Park Service, through the National Register of Historic Places, and HDLC have marked individual buildings, many of which lie outside the borders of existing historic districts.
The style of housing includes a gun house and bungalow style. Creole cottages and townhouses, famous for large lawn and elaborate iron balconies, line the streets of the French Quarter. American townhouses, double gallery houses, and the famous Raised Center-Hall Cottages. St. Charles Avenue is famous for its pre-war houses. Her luxury homes are in various styles, such as the Greek Awakening, American Colonial and Victorian Queen Anne style and Italian architecture. New Orleans is also famous for its European-style Catholic tomb.
Tallest building
For much of its history, the New Orleans skyline features only low and medium structures. Soft soils are susceptible to ambles, and there are doubts about the feasibility of building tall buildings. Technological developments throughout the 20th century have finally made it possible to build a strong foundation for a high rise. In the 1960s, the World Trade Center of New Orleans and the Plaza Tower demonstrated the viability of skyscrapers. One Shell Square became the city's tallest building in 1972. The oil boom of the 1970s and early 1980s redefined the New Orleans skyline with the development of the Poydras Street corridor. Most crowded along Canal Street and Poydras Street in the Central Business District.
Climate
The climate is subtropical moist (Climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ), with short winters, generally mild and hot and humid summers; most of the periphery and parts of Wards 9 and 15 fall within USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, while the other 15 wards in the city are rated 9b overall. Daily average daily temperatures range from 53.4 ° F (11.9 ° C) in January to 83.3 ° F (28.5 ° C) in July and August. Officially, as measured at New Orleans International Airport, the temperature records range from 11 to 102 ° F (-12 to 39 ° C) on December 23, 1989 and August 22, 1980, respectively; Audubon Park has recorded temperatures ranging from 6 ° F (-14 ° C) on February 13, 1899 to 104 ° F (40 ° C) on June 24, 2009. Dewpoint in the summer months (June-August) relatively high, ranging from 71.1 to 73.4 Â ° F (21.7 to 23.0 Â ° C).
Average rainfall is 62.5 inches (1,590 mm) per year; the summer months are the wettest, while October is the driest month. Rainfall in winter usually accompanies the passing of cold fronts. On average, there are 77 days of the highest 90Ã, Â ° F (32Ã, Â ° C), 8.1 days per winter where the height does not exceed 50Ã, Â ° F (10Ã, Â ° C), and 8, 0 nights with the lowest point of freezing every year. Very rarely for temperatures to reach 20 or 100 Â ° F (-7 or 38 Â ° C), with the last occurrence of each being February 5, 1996 and June 26, 2016, respectively.
New Orleans experienced snowfall only on rare occasions. A small amount of snow descended during the Christmas Snow Storm 2004 and again on Christmas Day (25 December) when a combination of rain, hail and snow fell in the city, leaving several ice bridges. The New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm affected New Orleans and carried 4.5 inches (11 cm). The snow fell again on December 22, 1989, when most cities received 1-2 inches (2.5-5.1 cm).
The last significant snowfall in New Orleans occurred on the morning of December 11, 2008.
Threats from tropical cyclones
The storm poses a severe threat to the area, and the city is especially at risk because of its low elevation, as it is surrounded by water from the north, east, and south and because of the sunken coast of Louisiana. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Orleans is the country's most vulnerable city for hurricanes. Indeed, parts of Greater New Orleans have been flooded by Hurricane Grand Isle in 1909, New Orleans Storm 1915, 1947 Fort Lauderdale Fort, Hurricane Flossy in 1956, Betsy Hurricanes in 1965, Hurricane Georges in 1998, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Gustav in 2008, with flooding in Betsy becoming significant and in some severe environments, and that in Katrina became a disaster in most cities.
In 2005, a storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused a catastrophic failure of an embankment designed and built by the federal government, flooding 80% of the city. A report by the American Society of Civil Engineers says that "if the levees and flood embankments do not fail and the pumping station operates, nearly two-thirds of the deaths will not happen".
New Orleans must always consider the risk of hurricanes, but the risks are much greater today due to coastal erosion from human disturbances. Since the beginning of the 20th century, it is estimated that Louisiana has lost 2,000 square miles (5,000 km 2 ) from the shore (including many of the obstacle islands), which once protected New Orleans against the storm. spike. After Hurricane Katrina, the Army Corps of Engineers has instituted major dike improvements and storm protection measures to protect the city.
In 2006, Louisiana voters massively adopted amendments to the country's constitution to dedicate all revenue from offshore drilling to restore the eroding coastline of Louisiana. Congress has allocated $ 7 billion to improve New Orleans flood protection.
According to a study by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, levees and flood walls around New Orleans - no matter how big or sturdy - can not provide absolute protection against overflow or failure in extreme events. Embankments and flood embankments should be seen as a way to reduce the risk of storms and storm surges, not as a step that completely eliminates risk. For buildings in hazardous and non-relocated areas, the committee recommends major flood-resilient measures - such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least 100-year flood levels.
Demographics
According to the 2010 Census, 343,829 people and 189,896 households live in New Orleans. Racial and ethnic makeup is 60.2% African American, 33.0% White, 2.9% Asian (1.7% Vietnam, 0.3% India, 0.3% China, 0.1% Philippines, 0, 1% of Korea), 0.0% of Pacific Islands, and 1.7% are people of two or more races. People from Hispanics or Latin originated 5.3% of the population; 1.3% are Mexico, 1.3% Honduras, 0.4% Cuba, 0.3% Puerto Rico, and 0.3% Nicaragua.
The final population estimate before Hurricane Katrina was 454,865, as of July 1, 2005. The population analysis released in August 2007 estimated the population to be 273,000, 60% of the pre-Katrina population and an increase of about 50,000 since July 2006. A September 2007 report by the Community Data Center Greater New Orleans, which tracks populations based on US Postal Service figures, found that in August 2007, just over 137,000 households received letters. That compares with about 198,000 households in July 2005, representing about 70% of the pre-Katrina population. Recently, the Census Bureau revised the 2008 population estimate for the city, to 336,644 residents. In 2010, estimates indicate that the non-flooded environment is close to or even greater than 100% of their pre-Katrina population.
A 2006 study by researchers at Tulane University and the University of California, Berkeley determined that as many as 10,000 to 14,000 undocumented immigrants, many from Mexico, live in New Orleans. Janet MurguÃÆ'a, president and chief executive officer of the National Council of La Raza, stated that up to 120,000 Hispanic workers live in New Orleans. In June 2007, one study stated that the Hispanic population had increased from 15,000, pre-Katrina, to more than 50,000.
In 2010, 90.31% of 5 and older residents speak English at home as the primary language, while 4.84% speak Spanish, 1.87% Vietnamese, and 1.05% speak French. In total, 9.69% of the population aged 5 years and older speak a mother tongue other than English.
Religion
The colonial history of French and Spanish settlement of New Orleans produces a strong Roman Catholic tradition. Catholic missions serve slaves and free people from skin color and set up school for them. In addition, many European immigrants of the 19th century and early 20th century, such as Ireland, some Germans, and Italians were Catholic. In the Archdiocese (which covers not only the city but also the surrounding Parish), 35.9% of the population is Roman Catholic. The Catholic religion is reflected in French and Spanish cultural traditions, including many parochial schools, street names, architecture and festivals, including Mardi Gras.
New Orleans features a distinctive Louisiana Voodoo variety, in part due to syncretism with Roman Catholic and African Afro-Caribbean beliefs. The fame of voodoo practitioner Marie Laveau contributes to this, as is the influence of Caribbean culture of New Orleans. Although the tourism industry is closely related to Voodoo with the city, only a small number of people are serious adherents.
Jewish settlers, especially Sephardim, settled in New Orleans since the early nineteenth century. Some migrated from colonial-built communities in Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. The trader Abraham Cohen Labatt helped find the first Jewish congregation in New Orleans in the 1830s, known as the Jewish congregation of Israel Nefutzot Yehudah (he and several other members were Sephardic Jews, whose ancestors had lived in Portugal and Spain). Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, 10,000 Jews live in New Orleans. This number drops to 7,000 after Hurricane Katrina. New Orleans Synagogue lost members, but most reopened at their original location. The exception is the Beth Israel Congregation, the oldest and most prominent Orthodox synagogue in the New Orleans area. The Beth Israel building in Lakeview was destroyed by a flood. After seven years of holding temporary services, the court sanctified a new synagogue on land purchased from the Congregation Prayer Congregation of Prayer in Metairie.
Ethnic group
In 2011 Hispanic populations have grown in the New Orleans area, including Kenner, Central Metairie, and Terrytown in Jefferson Parish and east of New Orleans and Mid-City in New Orleans proper.
After Katrina, the small Brazilian-Americans flourished. The Portuguese speakers are the second largest group to take English as the second language class in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, after the Spanish speakers. Many Brazilians work in skilled trades such as tiles and floors, although fewer work as day laborers than Latin. Many have moved from the Brazilian community in Northeastern United States, Florida, and Georgia. Brazilians settled throughout the metropolitan area. Most are undocumented. In January 2008 the population of New Orleans Brazil had an approximate mid-range of 3,000. In 2008, the Brazilians have opened many small churches, shops, and restaurants serving their communities.
Population change
Beginning in 1960, the population declined due to factors such as the oil and tourism production cycle, and as suburbanization increased (as did many cities), and the work migrated to nearby parishes. This economic and population downturn has resulted in high levels of poverty in the city; in 1960 the country had the fifth highest poverty rate in all US cities, and almost twice the national average in 2005, which was 24.5%. New Orleans experienced an increase in housing segregation from 1900 to 1980, leaving disproportionate African-Americans poorer in older and lower locations. These areas are particularly vulnerable to flood and storm damage.
Katrina moved 800,000 people, contributing significantly to the decline. African Americans, tenants, parents, and people with low incomes disproportionately influenced by Katrina, compared to the white and affluent population. After Katrina, the city government commissioned groups such as the New Orleans Back Commission, New Orleans Rebuilding Plan, the United New Orleans Plan, and the Office of Recovery Management to contribute to the depopulation plan. Their ideas include shrinking the city's tracks from before the storm, putting people's voices into a development plan, and creating a green space, some of which sparked controversy.
From 2010 to 2014, the city grew by 12%, adding an average of over 10,000 new residents each year after the 2010 Census.
Economy
New Orleans operates one of the largest and busiest ports in the world and metropolitan New Orleans is the center of the maritime industry. This region accounts for a significant portion of the national oil refining and petrochemical production, and serves as a white-collar company's base for offshore and offshore oil and natural gas production.
New Orleans is also a center for higher learning, with more than 50,000 students enrolled in two and two year degree institutions in the region. Tulane University, a top 50 research university, is located in Uptown. Metropolitan New Orleans is a major regional hub for the healthcare industry and offers a small global manufacturing sector that is globally competitive. The city center has a thriving creative industry sector, an entrepreneurial and famous for its cultural tourism. Greater New Orleans, Inc. (GNO, Inc.) acts as the first point of contact for regional economic development, coordination between the Louisiana Economic Development Department and various business development agencies.
Port
New Orleans started as a strategically located trade entrepÃÆ'Â't and remained, above all, an important transportation hub and distribution center for waterborne trade. The port is the fifth largest in the United States by cargo volume, and the second largest in the state after Port of South Louisiana. This is the twelfth largest in the US based on cargo value. Port of South Louisiana, also located in the New Orleans area, is the busiest in the world in terms of bulk tonnage. When combined with Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th largest port system in volume. Many shipyards, shipping, logistics, freight forwarding companies and commodity brokers are based in New Orleans metropolis or retain local presence. Examples include Intermarine, Bisso Towboat, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Trinity Yachts, Expeditors International, Bollinger Shipyards, IMTT, International Coffee Corp., Boasso America, Transoceanic Shipping, Transport Consultants Inc, Dupuy Storage & amp; Forwarding and Silocaf. The largest coffee roasting plant in the world, operated by Folgers, is located in New Orleans East.
New Orleans is located close to the Gulf of Mexico and its many oil rigs. Louisiana ranks fifth among states in oil production and eight in reserve. It has two of the four Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in Cameron Parish and Bayou Choctaw in Iberville Parish. This area holds 17 oil refineries, with a combined crude oil refining capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per day (450,000 m 3 /d), the second highest after Texas. Many Louisiana ports include the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), which is capable of receiving the largest oil tankers. Given the amount of oil imports, Louisiana is home to many major pipelines: Crude Oil (Exxon, Chevron, BP, Texaco, Shell, Scurloch-Permian, Mid-Valley, Calumet, Conoco, Koch Industries, Unocal, US Department of Energy, Locap) ; Products (Mitra TEPPCO, Colonial, Plantation, Explorers, Texaco, Collins); and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Dixie, TEPPCO, Black Lake, Koch, Chevron, Dynegy, Energy Partners Kinder Morgan, Dow Chemicals Company, Bridgeline, FMP, Tejas, Texaco, UTP). Some energy companies have regional headquarters in the area, including Royal Dutch Shell, Eni and Chevron. Energy producers and other oilfield service companies are headquartered in the city or region, and this sector supports a large professional service base of specialized engineering and design firms, as well as the term office for the Federal Government's Mineral Management Service.
Business
The city is home to one Fortune 500 company: Entergy, a utility power plant and a nuclear power plant operations specialist. After Katrina, the city lost another Fortune 500 company, Freeport-McMoRan, when it merged its copper and gold exploration unit with an Arizona company and moved the division to Phoenix. Affiliate McMoRan Exploration remains based in New Orleans.
Companies with operations or headquarters in New Orleans include: Pan American Life Insurance, Pool Corp, Rolls-Royce, Newpark Resources, AT & T, TurboSquid, iSeatz, IBM, Navtech, Excellence Energy Services, Textron Marine & amp; Land Systems, McDermott International, Pellerin Milnor, Lockheed Martin, Imperial Trading, Laitram, Harrah's Entertainment, Stewart Enterprises, Edison Chouest Offshore, Zatarain, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co, Whitney National Bank, Capital One, Tidewater Marine, Popeyes Chicken & amp; Biscuits, Parsons Brinckerhoff, MWH Global, CH2M HILL, Energy Partners Ltd., Accounts Receivable, GE Capital and Smoothie King.
Tourist businesses and conventions
Tourism is the principal of the city's economy. Perhaps more visible than other sectors, the tourist industry and the New Orleans convention is a $ 5.5 billion industry that accounts for 40 percent of city tax revenues. In 2004, the hotel industry employs 85,000 people, making it the city's main economic sector as measured by employment. New Orleans also hosts the World Cultural Economic Forum (WCEF). The annual forum at the New Orleans Moral Convention Center, is aimed at promoting cultural and economic development opportunities through strategic meeting of cultural ambassadors and leaders from around the world. The WCEF first took place in October 2008.
More
Federal agencies and the armed forces operate significant facilities there. UF's Fifth Circuit Appeals Court operates in downtown US Courthouse. NASA's Michoud rocket plant is located in New Orleans East and operated by Lockheed Martin. It is a large manufacturing facility that produces an external fuel tank for Space Shuttles and is now used for the construction of the NASA Space Launch System. The rocket plant is located within a large New Orleans Regional Business Park, also home to the National Financial Center, operated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Crescent Crown distribution center. Other major government installations include the US Naval System Command and the Sea War (SPAWAR), located within the University of New Orleans Research and Technology Park in Gentilly, the Joint New Orleans Naval Combined Air Force Base; and headquarters for Navy Reserves at Federal City in Algeria.
Top entrepreneurs
According to the 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers are:
Contemporary culture and life
Tourism
New Orleans has many attractions, ranging from the world-famous French Quarter to St. Charles Avenue, (home of Tulane and Loyola Universities, historic Pontchartrain Hotel, and many 19th-century mansions) to Magazine Street with its boutique shops and antique shops.
According to current travel guides, New Orleans is one of the ten most visited cities in the United States; 10.1 million visitors came to New Orleans in 2004. Before Katrina, 265 hotels with 38,338 rooms operated in the Greater New Orleans Area. As of May 2007, it declined to 140 hotels and motels with over 31,000 rooms.
The 2009 Flow Leisure Leisure from "Favorite Cities of America" ​​placed New Orleans first in ten categories, ranking the first place out of 30 cities included. According to polls, New Orleans is the best US city destination for spring breaks and for "wild weekend", stylish boutique hotel, cocktail hour, single scene/bar, live music/concerts and bands, antique and antique shops, cafà Menurut  © s/coffee bar, neighborhood restaurant, and people watching. The city ranks second for: hospitality (behind Charleston, South Carolina), gay-friendly (behind San Francisco), hotel and lodging bed and breakfast, and ethnic food. However, the city is placed near the bottom in cleanliness, security and as a family destination.
The French Quarter (known locally as "the Quarter" or "Vieux Carrà ©  © ), which is a colonial era city and bordered by the Mississippi River, Rampart Street, Canal Street and Esplanade Avenue, contains popular hotels , bars and nightclubs. Popular sights in the Quarter include Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, St. Joseph's Cathedral. Louis, French Market (including Cafà ©  © du Monde, famous for cafà © à © au lait and beignets) and Preservation Hall. Also in the French Quarter is the New Orleans Mint, the former branch of the United States Mint which now operates as a museum, and The Historic New Orleans Collection, a museum and residential art research center and artifacts related to history and the South Gulf.
Close to the Quarter is the TremÃÆ'Â © community, which contains the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park and the New Orleans African American Museum - a site listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.
The Natchez is a native steamer with a calliope that drove the city twice a day. Unlike most other places in the United States, New Orleans has become famous for its elegant decay. Historic cemeteries of the city and tombs on different lands are the attractions in it, the oldest and most famous of which, the Tomb of Saint Louis, closely resembles the PÃÆ'¨re Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
The National World War II Museum offers a multi-purpose odyssey through the history of the Pacific and European theater. Nearby, the Confederate Memorial Hall, the oldest continuously operating museum in Louisiana (though it is being renovated since Katrina), contains the second largest collection of Confederate memorabilia. The Museum of Art includes the Center for Contemporary Art, the New Orleans Art Museum (NOMA) in the City Park, and Ogden Southern Art Museum.
New Orleans is home to the Audubon Nature Institute (consisting of Audubon Park, Audubon Zoo, Aquarium of the Americas and Audubon Insectarium), and home to gardens that include Longue Vue House and Gardens and the New Orleans Botanical Garden. City Park, one of the city's most extensive and most visited parks in the city, has one of the world's largest oak tribunes.
Other points of interest can be found in the surrounding area. Many wetlands are found nearby, including Honey Island Swamp and Barataria Preserve. Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery, located just south of the city, is home to the 1815 Battle of New Orleans.
In 2009, New Orleans was ranked 7th in the Newsmax magazine's list of "25 Most Unique City and Big Town". This section cites the post-Katrina city reconstruction effort as well as efforts to be environmentally friendly.
Entertainment and performing arts
The New Orleans area is home to many annual celebrations. The most famous are Carnival, or Mardi Gras. The official carnival begins at the Epiphany Party, also known as the "Twelfth Night". Mardi Gras (French for "Fat Tuesday"), the last and greatest day of the celebration, is the last Tuesday before the Catholic Liturgical Liturgy season, which begins on Ash Wednesday.
The biggest music festival in town is New Orleans Jazz & amp; Heritage Festival. Usually referred to simply as "Jazz Fest", this is one of the biggest music festivals in the country. The festival features a variety of music, including original Louisiana and international artists. Together with Jazz Fest, the New Orleans' Voodoo Experience ("Voodoo Fest") and Essence Music Festival are other festivals featuring local and international artists.
Festival besar lainnya termasuk Southern Decadence, French Quarter Festival, dan Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival.
In 2002, Louisiana began offering tax incentives for film and television production. This led to a substantial increase in activity and brought the nickname "Hollywood South." Movies produced in and around New Orleans include Ray, Runaway Jury, The Pelican Brief Glory Road, i> All Men's Kings , DÃÆ' Â © jÃÆ' Vu , Recent Holidays , Curious Case of Benjamin Button and 12 Years -years become a slave. In 2006, work began in Louisiana Film & amp; Studio television complex, based in TremÃÆ'Â ©. Louisiana began offering the same tax incentives for music and theater production in 2007, which led many to start calling New Orleans "Broadway South."
The first theater in New Orleans is the French Theater of de la Rue Saint Pierre, which opened in 1792. The first opera in New Orleans was held there in 1796. In the nineteenth century, the city was home to two of America's most important. a place for French opera, ThÃÆ'Â © ÃÆ'Â ¢ tre d'OrlÃÆ'Â © ans and then French Opera House. Today, the opera is performed by the Opera New Orleans.
New Orleans has long been an important center for music, featuring an interconnected culture of Europe, Latin America and Africa. This city's unique musical heritage was born in the colonial and early American days of a unique blend of European musical instruments with African rhythms. As the only city in North America that allows slaves to gather in public and play their original music (mostly in Congo Square, now located inside Louis Armstrong Park), New Orleans gave birth to ancient indigenous music: jazz. Soon, the brass band formed, starting a century tradition. Louis Armstrong Park area, near the French Quarter at Tremà ©  ©, contains the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park. City music was subsequently significantly influenced by Acadiana, the home of Cajun and Zydeco music, and by the Delta blues.
The unique music culture of New Orleans is on display in its traditional cemetery. Turning to a military cemetery, New Orleans's traditional cemetery features sad music (mostly dires and hymns) on the way to graves and happier music (hot jazz) on the way back. Until the 1990s, most of the locals preferred to call it "funerals with music", but visitors to the city have long dubbed them "jazz funerals."
Much later in the development of his music, New Orleans is home to a distinctive brand of rhythm and blues that contributes greatly to the growth of rock and roll. The example of the New Orleans sound of the 1960s was the # 1 hit "Chapel of Love" by The Dixie Cups, a song that beat the Beatles from the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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