Minimum wage in the United States

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The minimum wage in the United States is governed by US labor laws and various state and local laws. Employers generally have to pay workers with the highest minimum wage set by federal, state, and local laws. Since July 24, 2009, the federal government has mandated a national minimum wage of $ 7.25 per hour. By January 2018, there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2017 to 2018, eight countries increased their minimum wage rates by automatic adjustment, while improvements in eleven other countries occurred through referendum or legislative action. Washington has the highest state minimum wage at $ 11.50 per hour.

Using a dollar adjusted for inflation in 2017, the federal minimum wage reached $ 11.53 per hour in 1968. If the minimum wage in 1968 had followed labor productivity growth, it would have reached $ 19.33 by 2017.

There are racial differences in favor of a higher minimum wage with most Black and Latvian individuals supporting the $ 15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites against it. By 2015, about 3% of white, Asian and Latin workers earn federal or minimum minimum wages. Among Black workers, the percentage is about 4%.

Video Minimum wage in the United States

Histori

Minimum wage legislation emerged in the late nineteenth century from the desire to end the sweat work that had developed in the midst of industrialization. Sweatshops employ a large number of women and young workers, paying them what is perceived as non-living wages that do not allow workers to pay for their living needs. In addition to substandard wages, sweat is also associated with long working hours and unhealthy working conditions. From the 1890s through the 1920s, during the Progressive Era, the period of social activism and political reform throughout the United States, progressive reformers, women's organizations, religious leaders, academics and politicians all played an important role in getting minimum wage legislation countries passed. across the United States.

The first successful attempt at using minimum wage laws to fix the issue of non-living wages took place in the state of Victoria in Australia in 1896. The factory inspector's report and newspaper reports of sweaty working conditions in Melbourne, Victoria led in 1895 to the formation of a National Anti-Sweat League that encourages governments aggressively to deal legislatively with under-standard wage issues. The Government, following the recommendation of Victoria Secretary Alexander Peacock, established a wage council assigned to set a minimum wage in the labor trade suffered from unpaid wages. During the same time period, campaigns against sweat work occurred in the United States and Britain.

The Progressive Era

In the United States in 1890, a group of concerned female reformers who wanted to improve the hard conditions of sweaty workers formed the New York City Consumer League. Consumer groups seek to improve working conditions by boycotting products made under sweat conditions and not in accordance with the standard "fair house" codes compiled by them. Similarly, consumer leagues formed throughout the United States, and in 1899, they united under the National Consumer League (NCL) parent organization. However, consumer advocacy is very slow in changing sweat industry conditions. When the NCL leaders in 1908 went to an international anti-sweat conference in Geneva, Switzerland and were introduced to Australian minimum wage laws, which had successfully handled sweaty workers, they returned home to the believer and made the minimum section wage law of their national platform.

In 1910, along with advocacy work headed by Florence Kelley of the National Consumer League, the Massachusetts Women's Union League (WTLU) under the leadership of Elizabeth Evans took the cause of minimum wage laws in Massachusetts. Over the next two years, a coalition of social reform groups and labor advocates in Boston pushed the minimum wage laws in the state. On June 4, 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage law in the United States, which established a state commission to recommend a non-compulsory minimum wage for women and children. Part of the bill was significantly helped by Lawrence's textile strikes that had raged for ten weeks in early 1912. The strike brought national attention to the fate of low-wage textile workers, and encouraged state legislatures, who fear the magnitude of strikes, to enact labor laws progressive.

In 1923, fifteen US states and the District of Columbia had passed minimum wage laws, with pressure placed on the state legislature by the National Consumer League in coalitions with other women's voluntary associations and organized workers. The United States Supreme Court in the era of (1897-1937), however, consistently overturned the labor regulatory legislation. Advocates for the country's minimum wage laws expect that they will be enforced under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon (1908), which upholds the maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women need special protection by men. no. However, the Supreme Court does not extend this principle to minimum wage laws. The court ruled at Adkins Hospital v. Children's (1923) that the District of Columbia's minimum wage laws are unconstitutional, since they interfere with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees. The Court also notes that women no longer require special protection by law, following the 1920 road of the Nineteen Amendment, which gives women the right to vote and equal legal status.

New Offer

In 1933, the Roosevelt government during the New Deal made the first attempt to set up a national minimum wage regiment with the National Industrial Recovery Act, which set the minimum wage and the industry-wide and regional maximum hours. The Supreme Court, however, at Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States (1935) decides unconstitutional acts, and minimum wage regulations abolished. Two years after the re-election of President Roosevelt in 1936 and the discussion of judicial reform, the Supreme Court raised the issue of labor law again at West Coast Hotel Co v. Parrish (1937) and uphold the constitutionality of minimum wage laws enacted by the state of Washington and overturned the Adkins decision marking the end of the Lochner era. In 1938, the minimum wage was re-established in accordance with the Fair Labor Standard Act, this time with a uniform rate of $ 0.25 per hour ($ 4.78 in 2017 dollars). The Supreme Court upholds the Fair Labor Standards Act in the United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941), which states that Congress has the power under the Terms of Trade to regulate working conditions.

The minimum wage legislation of 1938 applies only to "employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce," but on amendments in 1961 and 1966, the federal minimum wage is extended (at slightly different rates) to employees in large retail and local service, transportation and construction companies, state and local government employees, and other small expansions; the grandfather clause of 1990 drew most of the employees into the scope of the federal minimum wage policy, which now sets a $ 3.80 wage.

Maps Minimum wage in the United States

Legislation

The federal minimum wage in the United States is reset to the current tariff of $ 7.25 per hour in July 2009. Some US territories (such as American Samoa) are released. Some types of labor are also excluded: Employers can pay labor at least $ 2.13 per hour, during hourly wage plus tip income equal to at least minimum wage. People under the age of 20 can be paid $ 4.25 per hour for the first 90 calendar days (sometimes known as youth, teenagers, or training wages) unless there is a higher state minimum. The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the 2007 Minimum Wage Law, signed into law as a rider for US Army Force Preparedness, Veterans Treatment, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Allocation Act, 2007, a bill which also contains nearly $ 5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses.

Inflation indexing

Some politicians in the United States advocate linking the minimum wage with the consumer price index, thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on the rise to the consumer price index. Linking the minimum wage with the consumer price index avoids erosion of minimum wage buying power with time due to inflation. In 1998, the state of Washington became the first country to approve consumer price indexing for its minimum wage. In 2003 San Francisco, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico was the first city to approve consumer price indexing for their minimum wage. Oregon and Florida are the next states to link their minimum wage with the consumer price index. Then in 2006, voters in six states (Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, and Ohio) approved a statewide grab in the state minimum wage. The amount of this increase ranges from $ 1 to $ 1.70 per hour, and all increases are designed for each year's index against inflation. By 2018, the minimum wage is indexed to inflation in 17 countries.

Protest raises

Since 2012, the growing protest and advocacy movement called "Struggling for $ 15", originally grown from a fast food worker strike, has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage for decent wages. Since the start of this protest, a number of states and cities have increased their minimum wage. In 2014, Connecticut for example passed a law to raise the minimum wage from $ 8.70 to $ 10.10 per hour by 2017, making it one of about six countries at that time to reach or above $ 10.00 per hour. In 2014 and 2015, several cities, including San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C. passing the ordinance gradually increasing the minimum wage to $ 15.00 per hour. In 2016, New York and California became the first states to pass a law that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $ 15 per hour in each state.

In April 2014, the US Senate debated the minimum wage at the federal level through the Minimum Wage Liability Act. The bill would alter the 1938 Justice Labor Standard (FLSA) to raise the federal minimum wage for employees to $ 10.10 per hour over a two-year period. The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many Democratic Senators, but was strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House of Representatives. Then in 2014, voters in the Republican-controlled states of Alaska, Arkansas, Nebraska and South Dakota are considering a voting initiative to raise the minimum wage above the national level of $ 7.25 per hour, which works in all four states. The results provide evidence that raising the minimum wage has cross-party support.

In April 2017, Senators Bernie Sanders and Senator Patty Murray, backed by 28 Democratic Senates, introduced a new federal law that would raise the minimum wage to $ 15 an hour by 2024 and index it into inflation. The Raise the Wage Act of 2017, introduced simultaneously in the House of Representatives with 166 Democratic cospons, will raise the minimum wage to $ 9.25 per hour soon, and then gradually increase it to $ 15 per hour by 2024, while raising wages minimum wages for endless and gradual workers. The law was introduced by Senator Bernie Sanders to ensure that every worker has at least a decent standard of living.

State law

In the United States, different states can set their own independent minimum wage from the federal government. When state and federal minimum wages are different, higher wages apply. By January 2018, there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. Washington has the highest state minimum wage at $ 11.50 per hour. A number of countries have also in recent years enacted state preemption laws, which limit the rights of local communities, and prohibit local governments to set their own minimum wage. By 2017, state preemption laws for local minimum wages have been passed in 25 states.

Legislation has passed recently in some states that significantly increase minimum wages. California is set to raise the minimum wage to $ 15.00 an hour on January 1, 2023. Colorado is set to raise the minimum wage from $ 9.30 per hour to $ 12 per hour on January 1, 2020, up $ 0.90 per year. New York has also passed legislation to raise its minimum wage to $ 15.00 per hour at all times, certain countries and larger companies are set on a schedule that is faster than others. A number of cities and other countries across the country are also debating and enacting legislation to raise the minimum wage for low-paid workers into habitable wages.

Local Ordinance

Some government entities, such as districts and cities, observe a higher minimum wage than the state as a whole. In 2003 San Francisco, California and Santa Fe, New Mexico were the first two cities to introduce local minimum wage procedures. Another tool for increasing local wages is the prevailing wage system, which generally applies only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself. In 1994, Baltimore, Maryland was the first city in the United States to pass a decent wage rule. The targeted wage procedure for city contract workers has been encouraging in subsequent years to local municipal minimum wage laws applicable to all workers.

In the current wave of legislative minimum wage measures, Seattle, Washington was the first city to be legalized on June 2, 2014, local regulations to raise the minimum wage for all workers to $ 15.00 per hour, which phase in over seven years. The ordinance follows a referendum in SeaTac, Washington in November 2013, which raised on a more limited scale of local minimum wages to $ 15.00 for transportation and hospitality workers. Many other cities have followed Seattle's example since. San Francisco is expected to be the first US city to reach a minimum wage of $ 15.00 per hour on July 1, 2018. The New York City minimum wage will be $ 15.00 per hour by the end of 2018. The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington, DC, will be to $ 15.00 per hour by 2020. Similarly, the minimum wage in Minneapolis, Minnesota will be $ 15.00 per hour by 2022. More and more other California cities have also enacted local minimum wage rules to raise the minimum wage to $ 15 , 00 per hour, including Berkeley, El Cerrito, Emeryville, Mountain View, Oakland, Richmond, and San Jose.

Union exceptions

Some minimum wage procedures have exceptions for workers who are unionized. For example, the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum wage in 2014 for hotel workers of $ 15.37 per hour who had such exceptions. This leads in some cases to old workers in hotel associations such as Sheraton Universal earning $ 10.00 per hour, while non-union employees in non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $ 15.37 as mandated by law for employees who are not association. Similar exceptions have been adopted in other cities. In December 2014, unions were excluded from minimum wage regulations in Chicago, Illinois, SeaTac, Washington, and Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, and Los Angeles, San Francisco, Long Beach, San Jose, Richmond and Oakland. In 2016, the Washington Council, D.C. passed a minimum wage rule that included a waiver of the union, but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it. Later that year, the council approved an increase without a waiver of unions.

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Historical trends

The federal minimum wage was introduced in 1938 at a rate of $ 0.25 per hour ($ 4.78 in 2018 dollars). By 1950, the minimum wage had risen to $ 0.75 per hour. Minimum wage had the highest purchasing power in 1968, when it was $ 1.60 per hour ($ 11.65 in 2018 dollars). From January 1981 to April 1990, the minimum wage was frozen at $ 3.35 per hour, then a record of minimum wage freezing. From September 1, 1997 to July 23, 2007, the federal minimum wage remained constant at $ 5.15 per hour, breaking the old record. In 2009, the minimum wage adjusted to $ 7.25 that has been set for the last nine years.

Federal minimum wage purchasing power has fluctuated. Since 1984, the federal minimum wage purchasing power has declined. Measured in real terms (adjusted for inflation) using the 1984 dollar, the real minimum wage was $ 3.35 in 1984, $ 2.33 in 1994, $ 1.84 in 2004, and $ 1.46 in 2014. If the minimum wage has been raised to $ 10.10 by 2014, that would have equated to $ 4.40 in 1984 dollars. This would be equivalent to a 31% increase in purchasing power, although the nominal value of the minimum wage increased 216% over the same time period.

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Economic effects

The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are still controversial. Adjusting the minimum wage can affect current and future employment levels, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. The interconnection of the price level, the policy of the central bank, the wage agreement, and the aggregate total demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from the macroeconomic analysis are strongly influenced by the underlying assumption of the translator.

Jobs

In a neoclassical economy, the law of demand states that - all other things are equal - raising the price of a particular good or service reduces the amount requested. Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that - all others are equal - raising the minimum wage will have an adverse effect on work. Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker produces a value equal to or exceeds the minimum wage, they do not hire or retain that worker.

Other economists from various schools of thought argue that the limited minimum wage increase does not affect or increase the number of jobs available. Economist David Cooper for example estimates that a higher minimum wage will support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States. This divergence began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenging the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied job trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following a New Jersey minimum wage increase (from $ 4.25 to $ 5.05) in April 1992. They found "no there is an indication that minimum wage increases are reduced jobs. " In contrast, a 1995 analysis of evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey's minimum wage resulted in a 4.6% decrease in employment. Neumark research relies on payroll records from large fast-food restaurant chain samples, while Card-Krueger studies rely on business surveys.

The literature review conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 (which surveyed 101 studies related to the impact of employment of minimum wages) found that about two-thirds of the peer-reviewed economic studies show a positive correlation between minimum wage increases and increased unemployment- especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark's review further found that, when only looking at the most credible research, 85% of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage increases and increased unemployment.

The statistical meta-analysis performed by Tom Stanley in 2005 instead found that there is evidence of publication bias in the minimum wage literature, and this correction of bias indicates no relation between minimum wage and unemployment. In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta-analysis of 64 US studies on unemployment effects and concluded that initial claims of Card and Krueger publications were correct. In addition, they conclude, "After the selection of this publication is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative relationship between minimum wage and the remainder of the work."

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 2014 estimates the theoretical effect of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $ 9.00 and an increase to $ 10.10. According to the report, about 100,000 jobs will be lost under the $ 9.00 option, while 500,000 jobs will be lost under the $ 10.10 option (with various possible outcomes). The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) differs in 2013 found in several research reviews since 2000 that there is "little or no job response to the simple minimum wage increase." CEPR finds in a later study that job creation in the United States is faster in states that raise their minimum wage. By 2014 the country with the highest minimum wage in the country, Washington, surpasses the national average for job growth in the United States. Washington has a job growth rate of 0.3% faster than the national average job growth rate.

A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the New York State's minimum wage increase in 2004-6 (from $ 5.15 to $ 6.75) resulted in a 20.2% reduction to 21.8% in employment for workers less skilled, less educated. Similarly, a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases "significantly reduced the work of the most vulnerable groups in the working age population - young adults without high school (20-24), black adults young and adolescents (ages 16-24), and adolescents (ages 16-19). "

The Economist wrote in December 2013 concluding that: "Minimum wages, provided they are not set too high, can increase payments without adverse effects on employment... Some research finds no hazard to the work of the minimum wage federal or state, others see the small, but nobody finds any serious damage... However, the high minimum wage, especially in the rigid labor market, seems to reach the job.French has the highest wage floor in the rich world, in more than 60% of the median for adults and a fraction far greater than the typical wage for young people This helps explain why France also has a very high youth unemployment rate: 26% for children aged 15 to 24. "

Price

Conceptually, raising the minimum wage increases labor costs, ceteris paribus. Thus, entrepreneurs may receive lower profits, raise their prices, or both. If prices increase, consumers may request less quantity of products, change other products, or switch to imported products, due to price elasticity of demand. Marginal producers (those who are barely lucrative enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices adequately to offset higher labor costs. A Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago study from 2007 showed that restaurant prices rose in response to minimum wage increases. However, there is research showing that higher prices for products due to increased labor costs are typically only about 0.4% of the original price.

Effects on crime

The White House report 2016 based on "rear envelope calculations and literature review" suggests that higher hourly wages lead to less crime. Research by the Economic Advisory Board calculates that "raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent." To obtain these figures, the study assumed that "such minimum wage increases will not have an employment impact, with a 0.1 job elasticity, the benefits will be slightly lower."

In contrast to the 1987 journal article, Masanori Hashimoto notes that the increase in the minimum wage led to an increase in property crime rates in areas affected by minimum wages after the increase. According to the article, by reducing jobs in the poor, total trade and legal production are limited. The report also argues that to offset the decline in legal channels for production and consumption, the poor are increasingly turning to illegal trade and activity.

Economic growth

Whether growth (GDP, size of income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether income shifts from owner to worker results in a higher overall level of spending. The tendency of consumers to spend their dollars is further referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income holders (who tend to save more, lower MPCs) to low-income workers (who tend to save less, with higher MPCs) can actually lead to increased total consumption and demand for goods higher. , leading to an increase in employment. Recent research shows that higher wages lead to greater productivity.

The CBO reported in February 2014 that overall income (GDP) would be slightly higher after raising the minimum wage, showing a small net positive increase in growth. Increasing the minimum wage to $ 10.10 and indexing it to inflation will result in a net increase of 2 billion dollars in revenue during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $ 9.00 and not indexing it will result in a net $ 1 billion net income increase.

Income inequality

Increasing the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from high-income people (business owners or "capital") to low-income people (workers or "laborers") and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimates in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under the scenarios described above will increase income inequality. Families with incomes more than sixfold from the poverty threshold will see their earnings fall (partly because their business profits decrease with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold will increase.

Poverty

Among the paid workers per hour In 2016, 701,000 received federal minimum wages and around 1.5 million received wages below the minimum. Overall, these 2.2 million workers account for 2.7% of all paid employees per hour.

The CBO estimates in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage will reduce the number of people below the 900,000 poverty threshold below the $ 10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $ 9.00 option. Similarly, Arindrajit Dube, professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study "strong evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increased income among families at the bottom of income distribution and that this wage reduces poverty." According to the study, "a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the non-elderly poverty rate by about 5 percent."

In contrast, research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages were associated with reduced working hours and low-wage workers. A separate study by the same researchers found that the minimum wage tends to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line. Similarly, a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder, professor of economics at the University of Ohio, concluded that "strong empirical evidence that minimum wages have little or no effect on poverty in the US Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages sometimes increase. poverty..."

The federal budget deficit

The CBO reported in February 2014 that "[T] he net effect on the federal budget raising the minimum wage may be a small decrease in the budget deficit for several years but a small increase in the budget deficit thereafter." It is unclear whether its effect for the entire coming decade will be a small increase or a small decrease in the budget deficit. "On the cost side, the report mentions higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain purchased goods and services. This may be offset by the fewer government allowances paid, as some workers with higher incomes will receive fewer government transfer payments. On the revenue side, some will pay higher taxes and others less.

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Comment

Economist

According to a survey by economist Greg Mankiw, 79% of economists agree that "the minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers."

A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that the majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $ 15 per hour would have a negative effect on youth employment (83%), adult employment rate (52%), and number available jobs (76%). In addition, 67% of economists surveyed believe that a minimum wage of $ 15 would complicate small businesses with fewer than 50 employees to stay in business.

A 2006 survey by economist Robert Whaples of 210 Ph.D. economists randomly selected from the American Economic Association, found that, with respect to the minimum wage US:

• 46.8% would rather get rid of it
• 14.3% would rather keep it the same
• 1.3% preferred to lower it
• 5.2% preferred to increase it by about 50 cents per hour
• 15.6% would rather increase it by about $ 1 per hour
• 16.9% would prefer to increase it by more than $ 1 per hour

In 2014, more than 600 economists signed letters to support a minimum wage increase to $ 10.10 with research showing that minimum wage increases could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low-paid workers spend their extra income, increasing demand and job growth. Also, seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economics are among 75 economists who support minimum wage increases for US workers and say "heavy" economic research shows higher wages do not lead to fewer jobs.

According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago's IGM Forum, which includes about 40 economists: 34% agree with the statement that "Increasing federal minimum wage to $ 9 per hour will make it more difficult for low-skilled workers to find work", with 32% disagreeing and 24% uncertain

42% agree that "... raising the minimum wage to $ 9 per hour and indexing it to inflation... would be the desired policy", with 11% disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32% uncertain.

According to the Autumn 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide-Stevenson, 73.5% (27.9% of whom agree with provisos) of American economists surveyed ^{[How much?]} minimum increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers, while 26.5% disagree with the statement.

Economist Paul Krugman advocates raising moderate minimum wages in 2013, citing several reasons, including:

• Minimum wage is below the purchasing power of the 1960s, even though its productivity is almost double;
• Larger amounts of evidence show no negative impact on employment from moderate increases; and
• High level public support, especially Democrats and Republicans.

Big political party

Democratic candidates, elected officials, and activists support minimum wage increases. In the Union Country Address, President Barack Obama called for an increase in federal minimum wage to $ 9 per hour; several months later, Democrats Tom Harkin and George Miller proposed legislation to raise the federal minimum wage to $ 10.10; and by 2015, Congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to raise the federal minimum wage to $ 12 per hour. The effort was unsuccessful, but the increase in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to keep fighting for an increase at the federal level. After an internal debate, the party's official platform adopted at the 2016 Democratic National Convention states: "We must raise the federal minimum wage to $ 15 per hour from time to time and index it, giving all Americans the ability to join the union regardless of where they are work, and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so that every worker can earn at least $ 15 per hour. "

Most Republican elected officials oppose action to raise minimum wages, and have hindered Democrats' efforts to raise the minimum wage. Republican leadership such as House Speakers John Boehner and Paul Ryan opposed minimum wage increases. Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage at all, while some, on the other hand, have supported a minimum wage increase or indexed minimum wages against inflation.

Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage by 2014: "I think we should raise the minimum wage because not only raises wages for the three or four million people directly affected by it, it crashes into wage structures everywhere. is that 35 million Americans will get a raise if federal minimum wages are raised... If you [increase the minimum wage] gradually, it always creates jobs.Why? Because people who make the minimum wage or nearby struggle to survive, they spend every penny they produce, they leave it in the economy, they create jobs, they create opportunities, and they pay more attention to their children.This is the right thing to do, but it's also a very good economy. "

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Polling

The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73% of Americans support raising the minimum wage from $ 7.25 to $ 10. With the party, 53% of Republicans and 90% of the Democrats like this action. Pew found racial differences to support a higher minimum wage by 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting the federal $ 15.00 minimum wage, and 54% of whites against it.

The poll of Lake Research Partners in February 2012 found the following:

• Overall strong support for raising the minimum wage, with 73% of potential voters supporting an increase of up to $ 10 and indexing it into inflation during 2014, including 58% strongly supporting the action;
• Support crosses party lines, with support from 91% Democrats, 74% Independent, and 50% of Republicans; and
• The majority (56%) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy, 16% believe it will not make a difference, and only 21% feel it will harm the economy.

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List by jurisdiction

This is a list of minimum wages (hourly) in every state and territory of the United States, for work covered by federal minimum wage laws. If the work is not subject to the federal Labor Standards Act, then any state, municipality or other local law may determine the minimum wage. The general exception to the federal minimum wage is a company with revenues of less than $ 500,000 per year while not involved in interstate commerce.

Under federal law, workers who receive a portion of their salary from a tip, such as a maid, are required only to get total compensation, including tips, to meet minimum wages. Therefore, often, their hourly wage, before tips, is smaller than the minimum wage. Seven states, and Guam, do not allow for tip credits. Additional exceptions for minimum wages include many seasoned staff, student employees, and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA.

In addition, some counties and cities in the state may apply a higher minimum wage than any other state. Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses contracting with local government, while in other cases, the higher minimum applies to all jobs.

Federal

Status

The average US minimum wage per capita (2017) is $ 8.49 based on the size of each state's population and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by someone working in one of fifty US states. Cities, districts, counties, and regions are not included in the calculations. As of October 2016, there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine countries are increasing their minimum wage through automatic adjustments, while improvements in 11 other countries occur through referendum or legislative action. Starting January 2017, Massachusetts and the state of Washington have the highest minimum wage in the country, at $ 11.00 per hour. The New York City minimum wage is $ 15.00 per hour by the end of 2018.

Territory

Federal District

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Low-paying jobs, 2006 and 2009

Jobs that have the minimum wage most likely to directly affect wages are near minimum.

According to the National Employment Work and Wage Appraisal for May 2006, the four lowest paid jobs sectors in May 2006 (when the federal minimum wage was $ 5.15 per hour) were as follows:

Two years later, in May 2008, when federal minimum wages were $ 5.85 per hour and would increase to $ 6.55 per hour in July 2008, the same sectors were still the lowest, but their situation (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data) are:

In 2006, workers in the following 13 individual jobs received, on average, average hourly wages of less than $ 8.00 per hour:

In 2008, only two jobs paid a median wage of less than $ 8.00 per hour:

According to Employment and the National Wage Employment Acceptance for May 2009, the lowest-paid jobs sector in May 2009 (when the federal minimum wage was $ 7.25 per hour) was as follows:

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See also

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References

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External links

• The minimum wage in the United States in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
• Federal Minimum Wage. The United Wage Employment and Hours Division.
• Minimum Wages for Employees Came. The United Wage Employment and Hours Division.
• The Federal Minimum Wage History of the US Department of Labor and Employment Wage.
• US. History of Minimum Wage. Oregon State University - Wealth and Poverty (Anth 484). Last updated December 26, 2012.
• Map and chart of minimum wage vs. housing costs - National National Low Income Coalition (advocacy group)

Source of the article : Wikipedia