Indian Territory

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As a general term, Indian territory , Indian territory , or the Indian state describes the growing land area set aside by the United States Government for relocation Native Americans who hold the original rights to their land. In general, the tribes surrendered the land they occupied in exchange for a land grant in 1803. The concept of the Indian Territory was the result of the 18th and 19th Indian eradication policies. After the Civil War (1861-1865), government policy was one of assimilation.

The term Indian Reserve describes the land the British government set aside for indigenous tribes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River before the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783).

The Indian territory then came to refer to an unorganized territory whose boundaries were generally established by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, and were the successors of the rest of the Missouri Territory after Missouri received state status. The boundaries of the Indian Territory are diminished in size because the various Organic Stories are authorized by Congress to create territories that belong to the United States. The Law Enabling Oklahoma 1907 created a single Oklahoma state by combining the Oklahoma Territories and Territories of India, ending the existence of the Indian Territory.

Video Indian Territory

Deskripsi dan geografi

The territory of India, also known as the Indian Territory and the State of India, is the land in the United States provided for the resettlement of Native Americans. The common border is defined by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. Its territory is located in the Central United States.

While Congress passed some of the Organic Stories that gave way for the state to many native Indian states, Congress never passed the Organic Law for Indian Territory. The territory of India has never been organized organized in the United States. In general, tribes can not sell land to non-Indians ( Johnson v. M'Intosh ). Agreements with tribes restricted the entry of non-Indians into tribal areas; The Indian tribes are largely self-governing, are super states, with established tribal government and established cultures. This region never had a formal government until after the American Civil War. Therefore, the geographical location commonly called the Indian Territory is not a traditional territory.

After the Civil War, the Southern Treaty Commission rewrote agreements with tribes in favor of the Confederates, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Indians and Indians in the Midwestern United States. This rewritten agreement includes provisions for territorial legislatures with proportional representation of various tribes.

Later, the Indian Territory is reduced to what is now Oklahoma. The Organic Law of 1890 reduced the Indian Territory to the territory occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and Tribes of the Quapaw Indian Bodies (on the border of Kansas and Missouri). The remaining western part of the former Indian Territory into the Oklahoma Region.

Oklahoma's organic acts apply Nebraska law to territories incorporated in the Oklahoma Territory, and Arkansas law to an unrelated territory of India (for many years the federal US Distance Court on the eastern border at Ft. Smith, Arkansas has criminal and civil jurisdiction over Territory).

Maps Indian Territory

History

Indian Reserve and Louisiana Purchase

The concept of the Indian territory is the successor of the British Indian Reserve, the territory of the North American United States founded by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which set aside land for use by Native Americans. The proclamation restricted the settlements of Europeans to lands claimed by Adam to the east of the Appalachian Mountains. The area remained active until the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the American Revolutionary War, and the land was surrendered to the United States. UK government reduces land area Reserve India - United States further reduces after the American Revolutionary War - until it only covers the western area of ​​the Mississippi River.

At the time of the American Revolution, many Native tribes had long-term relationships with the British who were loyal to the British Empire, but they had a less developed relationship with the Imperial colony that turned into a rebel. After the British defeat, America twice invaded Ohio State and twice lost. They eventually defeated the Western Confederation of India at the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794 and implemented the Greenville Treaty, which surrendered most of what is now Ohio, part of Indiana today, and the land that includes Chicago and Detroit today, to the federal government of the United States.

The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of the fastest expansion of the West. The territories occupied by Native Americans in the United States are called the Indian state, which is not even an unorganized territory, because the territories are established under the agreement.

In 1803, the United States agreed to buy French claims to French Louisiana for a total of $ 15 million (less than 3 cents per acre).

President Thomas Jefferson doubted the legality of the purchase. However, the chairman of the negotiator, Robert R. Livingston believes that the 3rd article of the agreement that provides the Louisiana Purchase will be accepted for the congress. The third article states, in part:

the territorial resident submitted will be incorporated into the United States of America, and acknowledged as soon as possible, in accordance with the principles of the Federal Constitution, to enjoy all the rights, benefits and immunities of US citizens; and in the meantime they must be nurtured and protected in the freedom of enjoying their own freedom, property and religion. (8 Stat. At L. 202)

Who committed the US government to "the last, but not direct, entry" of the territory as some countries, and "delayed its merger to the Union for the pleasure of Congress"

After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, President Thomas Jefferson and his successors saw much of the land west of the Mississippi River as a place to settle Native Americans, so that white settlers would be free to live on the land east of the river. The abolition of India became the official policy of the United States government with the issuance of the Indian Act of Elimination of 1830, formulated by President Andrew Jackson.

When Louisiana became a state in 1812, the remaining territory was renamed the Missouri Territory to avoid confusion. The Arkansas Region, which includes the current State of Arkansas plus most of the state of Oklahoma, was created from the southern part of the Missouri Region in 1819. Originally the Missouri western frontier intended to extend southward into the Red River. However, during negotiations with Choctaw in 1820, Andrew Jackson handed over more of the Arkansas Region to Choctaw than he realized, resulting in a bend on the border between Arkansas and Oklahoma at Ft. Smith, Arkansas. The General Surveys Act of 1824 allows a survey that establishes the western border of the Arkansas Region, both within the state of Oklahoma now, where the Choctaw and Cherokee tribes have previously settled. Both countries objected strongly, and in 1828 a new survey redefined the western Arkansas border. Thus, the "Indian zone" will include countries in Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and parts of Iowa.

Relocation and agreement

Prior to the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act, many of the so-called Indian Territories were large areas in the central part of the United States whose boundaries were governed by treaties between the US Government and various indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian tribes by law; The 1871 Indian Appropriations Act also states that. "[n] o Indian nation or tribe within the United States must be recognized or recognized as an independent nation...."

The Indian Appropriations Act also makes it a federal crime to commit murder, murder, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, robbery, and theft in the United States Territory. The Supreme Court affirmed the act in 1886 in the United States v. Kagama, who asserted that the US Government has a plenipotentiary power over Native American tribes within its borders by rationalizing that "the general government's power over the remnants of this race is ever in power... is necessary for their protection as well as for their salvation among them "While the US federal government previously recognized the Indian tribe as semi-independent," it has the right and authority, not controlling them by covenant, to govern them by the act of Congress, they are within the geographical boundaries of the United States... Indians [Native Americans] do not owe it to the State where their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection. "

Reduction area

White settlers continue to flood the country of India. As the population increases, home residents can petition Congress to create a territory. This will initiate the Organic Law that forms a three-part territorial government. The governor and the court are appointed by the President of the United States, while the legislature is elected by the people living in the territory. An elected representative is allowed to sit on the US House of Representatives. The federal government takes responsibility for territorial affairs. Then, residents of the territory can apply for entry as a full country. No action was taken for the so-called Indian Territories, so the area was not treated as a jurisdiction.

Reduction of land area of ​​the Indian Territory (or Indian State, as defined in the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834), the successor to the Missouri Territory begins as soon as it is established by:

• The Wisconsin region was formed in 1836 from the eastern Mississippi plains and between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Wisconsin became state in 1848
  • The Iowa region (land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers) was separated from the Wisconsin Territory in 1838 and became a state in 1846.
    • The Minnesota region was separated from Iowa County in 1849 and part of the Minnesota Territory into the state of Minnesota in 1858
• The Dakota region was organized in 1861 from the northern part of the Indian State Territory and Minnesota. The name refers to the Sioux Dakota branch.
  • North Dakota and South Dakota became separate states simultaneously in 1889.
  • The states of Montana and Wyoming are now also part of the original Dakota Region

The Indian state is reduced to the limits of the current state estimate of Oklahoma by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which created the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory. The main boundaries of the region are:

• 40Ã, Â ° N of the current Kansas-Nebraska border
• 37Ã, Â ° N border of Kansas - Oklahoma (Indian Region) currently

Kansas became a state in 1861, and Nebraska became a state in 1867. In 1890, the Oklahoma Organic Law created the Oklahoma Region from the western Region of India, in anticipation of recognizing both the Indian Territory and the Oklahoma Territory as the State of Oklahoma at future..

Civil War and Reconstruction

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Territory of India was essentially reduced to the borders of the current US state of Oklahoma, and the main population in the area was a member of the Five Civilized Tribes or Lowland tribes who had been relocated to the western part of the leased land of the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1861, the United States left Fort Washita, leaving Chickasaw and Chocawaw Nations without defenses against the Lowlands tribes. Later that same year, the United States Confederation signed the Agreement with Choctaw and Chickasaws. In the end, the Five Civilized Tribes and other tribes who had been relocated to the area, signed a friendly agreement with the Confederation.

During the Civil War, Congress gave the US president the authority to, if a tribe "was in a state of true animosity against the US government... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribes" (25 USC Sec. 72).

Members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and others who had moved to the territory of Oklahoma in the Territory of India, fought especially on the Confederate side during the American Civil War in the Indian territory. Brigadier General Stand Watie, a commander of the Cherokee Confederate, became the last Confederate General to surrender in the American Civil War, near the Doaksville community on June 23, 1865. The Reconstruction Agreement was signed at the end of the Civil War which essentially changed the relationship between the tribe and the US government.

The Reconstruction Era plays a different role in the Territory of India and to Native Americans than across the country. In 1862, Congress passed a law allowing the president, with a proclamation, to cancel an agreement with the Indian states in favor of the Confederation (25 USC 72). The House of Territories Committee of the United States (created in 1825) is examining the effectiveness of India's removal policy, which after the war is considered limited effectiveness. It was decided that the new Assimilation policy would be implemented. To implement the new policy, the Southern Covenant Commission was created by Congress to write a new agreement with the Confederate Tribe.

After the Civil War The Southern Covenant Commission rewrote agreements with tribes favoring the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Native Americans and tribes in the mid-west. The general components of the reimbursement agreement signed in 1866 include:

• Abolition of slavery
• Amnesty for siding with the United States Confederation
• Approval of the legislation that Congress and President "may deem necessary for better judicial administration and protection of the rights of people and property within the territory of India."
• That the tribes grant the right of a road for a railway authorized by Congress; The land patent, or "first rights deed" for alternative land adjacent to the railway will be assigned to the rail road after the completion of every 20 miles part of the track and water stations
• That in each region, a quarter of the land is held in trust for the establishment of the judicial seat there, as well as as many as a quarter of the section as the legislature may consider eligible for the endowment of schools
• Provisions for every man, woman and child to receive 160 acres of land as designation. (Allotment policies are then codified on a national basis even though part of The Dawes Act, also called the General Allotment Act, or Dawes Somety Act of 1887)
• That land rights, or "first title deed" are issued as proof of designation, "issued by the President of the United States, and signed by the chief executive of the country in which the land is located"
• Agreements and parts of agreements inconsistent with the replacement agreement are null and void.

One component of assimilation is the distribution of property that is shared by the tribe to each tribe member.

The Medicine Lodge Treaty is the overall name given to the three treaties signed at Medicine Lodge, Kansas between the US government and the lowland Indian tribes who will eventually be in the western part of India (in the end Oklahoma Province). The first agreement was signed on October 21, 1867, with the Kiowa and Comanche tribes. The second, with the Apache Plains, was signed the same day. The third agreement was signed with Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho on October 28.

Another component of assimilation is homesteading. The Homestead Act of 1862, signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. The law grants proprietary property ownership to an area called "homestead" - usually 160 hectares (65 hectares or quarter of a quarter) of undeveloped federal land. Within the Territory of India, when the land is removed from the ownership of the communal tribe, the land patent (or first title deed) is granted to members of the tribe. The remaining land is sold on the basis of the first arrival, usually by land run, with the settlers also receiving the land title. For the former land of India, the General Affairs Office distributes the sale funds to various tribal entities, in accordance with the terms previously negotiated.

Oklahoma Region, state after state end

Oklahoma's organic action of 1890 created the territorial organized Territorial United States of Oklahoma Region, with the intention of combining the territory of Oklahoma and India into one Oklahoma State. Citizens of the Territory of India attempted, in 1905, to gain recognition to the union as the Sequoyah State, but were rejected by Congress and the Administration who did not want two new Western states, Sequoyah and Oklahoma. Theodore Roosevelt then proposed a compromise that would join the Indian Territory with the Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in the passage of the Oklahoma Activation Act, which President Roosevelt signed on June 16, 1906. empowering people living in the Territory of India and the Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to state constitutional conventions and subsequently to be accepted as one country. The citizens then join to seek recognition of one country to the Union. With the state of Oklahoma in November 1907, the Indian Territory was put out.

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Indian Territory

Original to Oklahoma

The Indian territory marks the meeting of the Southern Plains and Southeastern Woodlands plains. The western region is part of the Great Plains, which has long periods of drought and strong winds, and the Ozark Plateau is to the east in a humid subtropical climate zone. The original tribes of the state of Oklahoma today include agrarian tribes and hunter-gatherers. The arrival of horses with Spanish in the 16th century led to an era of horse culture, when tribes could adopt a nomadic lifestyle and follow the vast herd of bison.

Southern Plains villagers, archaeological cultures that flourish from 800 to 1500 CE, live in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western Indian Region, where they farm corn and hunt buffalo. They are the ancestors of Wichita and the Affiliate Tribe. The ancestors of Wichita have lived east of the Great Plains of the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years. The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. Around 900 CE, farming villages began to appear on the terraces above the Washita River and the Southern Canadian River in Oklahoma.

The tribe members of the Caddo Confederate live in the eastern part of the Indian Territory and are the ancestors of Caddo Nation. Caddoans speak Caddoan and are confederations of several tribes that have traditionally inhabited much of what is now East Texas, northern Louisiana and southern parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma. The tribe was once part of the Caddoan Mississippian culture and is considered an extension of the forest period people who began to inhabit the area around 200 BC. In the 1835 Agreement made at home-institutions in the state of Caddo and the State of Louisiana, Caddo Nations sell their tribal lands to the US. In 1846 Caddo along with several other tribes signed an agreement that made Caddo a US protectorate and built the legal system framework between Caddo and the US. Headquarters are in Binger, Oklahoma.

The Wichita and Caddo both speak Caddoan, as did the Kichai people, who also came from what is now Oklahoma and eventually became part of Wichita and Tribal Affiliates. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a friendly treaty with the United States in 1835. The tribal headquarters were in Anadarko, Oklahoma.

In the 18th century, before Indian Removal, the residents of Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche entered the Indian Territory from the west, and Quapaw and Osage entered from the east. During the Indian Deletion in the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by agreement through a land grant from the federal government of the United States or they purchased the land receiving a fee that recorded a simple title.

Tribes from Southeastern Woodlands

Many tribes relocated to the Indian Territory are from the Southeastern United States, including the so-called Civilized Five or Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creeks, and Seminole, but also the Natchez, Yuchi, Alabama, Koasati, and Caddo tribes..

Between 1814 and 1840, the Five Civilized Tribes gradually surrendered most of their lands in the southeastern United States through a series of agreements. The southern part of the State of India (which eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the goal of India's abolitionist policy, a policy pursued interminably by American presidents in the early 19th century, but was aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the Indian Elimination Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the South were the most prominent tribe replaced by a relocation policy, later known as the Teardrop Trail during the abolition of Choctaw beginning in 1831. The trail ends on what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there have been many Indians who lived in the area, as well as white men and slaves who fled. Other tribes, such as Delaware, Cheyenne, and Apache are also forced to move to Indian territory.

Five tribes form tribal capital cities in the following cities:

• The Cherokee race - Tahlequah
• Chickasaw race - Tishomingo
• Choctaw Nation - Tupac (then moved to Durant)
• Creek Nation - Okmulgee
• Seminole Nation - Wewoka

These tribes established cities such as Tulsa, Ardmore, Muskogee, which became some of the larger cities in the state. They also took their African slaves to Oklahoma, which was added to the American black population in the state.

• Beginning in 1783, Choctaw signed a series of agreements with Britain first and then America. The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek is the first abolition treaty imposed under the Indian Removal Act, handing over land in the future state of Mississippi in exchange for land in the future state of Oklahoma, which produces the Choctaw Trail of Tears.
• The Muscogee (Creek) Nation begins the process of moving to the Indian Territory with the 1814 Agreement of Fort Jackson and the 1826 Agreement of Washington. The 1832 Cusseta Agreement submitted all claims of the East Creek of the Mississippi River to the United States.
• 1835 The New Echota Agreement sets a term whereby the entire Cherokee Nation is expected to surrender its territory in the Southeast and move into the Territory of India. Although the agreement was not approved by the National Council of Cherokee, the treaty was ratified by the US Senate and produced the Cherokee Eye Trail.
• The Chickasaw, instead of receiving a land grant instead of giving up customary land rights, receives financial compensation. The tribe negotiates a $ 3 million payment for their native land (which is not fully funded by the US for 30 years). In 1836, Chickasaw agreed to purchase land from Choctaw which was previously removed for $ 530,000.
• The Seminole, originally from the present state of Florida, signed the Payne Landing Treaty in 1832, in response to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, forcing tribes to move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma today. In October 1832, a delegation arrived in the Indian Territory and conferred with the Nation Creek tribe that had been moved to the area. In 1833 an agreement was signed at Fort Gibson (on the Arkansas River east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), receiving territory in the western part of the Nation Creek. However, leaders in Florida did not approve the agreement. Regardless of the dispute, the treaty was ratified by the Senate in April 1934.

Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands

The Confederation of the West Lake was a loose confederation of tribes around the Great Lakes region, held after the American Revolutionary War to deny the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territories. Confederate members were eventually transferred to Oklahoma at this time, including Shawnee, Delaware (also called Lenape), Miami, and Kickapoo.

The Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma region used to resettle Iowa, Sac and Fox, Absentee Shawnee, Potawatomi, and Kickapoo tribes.

The Three Fire Council is an alliance of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi tribes. In the Second Agreement of Prairie du Chien in 1829, the tribes of the Three Fire Councils handed over to the United States their land in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The 1833 Agreement of Chicago forced the members of the Three Fire Council to move first to Iowa at this time, then to Kansas and Nebraska, and finally to Oklahoma.

The Illinois Potawatomi moved to Nebraska today and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to the current Osawatomie, Kansas, an event known as the Potawatomi Trail of Death. The group that settled in Nebraska adapted to the Highland Indian culture but the group that settled in Kansas remained steadfast in their forest culture. In 1867 part of the Kansas group negotiated a "Washington Agreement with Potawatomi" in which the Kansas Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation was split and part of their land in Kansas was sold, buying land near the current Shawnee, Oklahoma, they became Citizens. Potawatomi Nation.

The Odawa tribe first bought land near Ottawa, Kansas, which was there until 1867 when they sold their land in Kansas and bought land in an area run by the Quapaw Indian Agency in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, to the Ottawa Tribe in Ottawa.

Peoria tribes, originally from southern Illinois, moved south to Missouri and then Kansas, where they joined the Piankashaw, Kaskaskia and Wea tribes. Under the terms of the Omnibus Agreement of 1867, these confederate tribes and the Miami tribe left Kansas for the Indian Territory on land purchased from Quapaw.

Iroquois Confederation

The Iroquois Confederation is an alliance of tribes, which originated from the northern regions of New York consisting of Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and, later, Tuscarora. In pre-revolutionary wars, their confederations extended into areas from Kentucky and northern Virginia. All Confederate members, with the exception of Oneida and Tuscarora, allied with the British during the Revolutionary War, and were forced to surrender their lands after the war. Most moved to Canada after the Canandaigua Treaty in 1794, some remained in New York, and some moved to Ohio, joining Shawnee.

The 1838 and 1842 Agreements of Buffalo Creek are agreements with New York Indians, such as Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Oneida Indian Nation, which include the sale of tribal reservation land under the US India removal program, with which they plan to move the most east tribe into the Territory India. Initially, the tribes were moved to the state of Kansas now, and then to Oklahoma on land run by the Quapaw Indian Agency.

Indian tribal plains

The West Indian region is part of the Southern Plain and is the ancestral home of the people of Wichita, the tribe of the Lowlands. Additional indigenous peoples from the Plain entered the Indian Territory during the era of horse culture. Before the adoption of horses, some lowland Indian tribes were agrarian and others were hunter-gatherers. Some tribes use dogs as draft animals to attract a small travois (or sled) to help move from one place to another; However, in the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted horse culture and became nomadic. Tipi, an animal hiding lodge, is used by the Plains Indians as a residence because it is easily moved and can be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settles in a new area for hunting or ceremony.

After Modoc War from 1872 to 1873, the Modocs were forced from their homeland in southern Oregon and northern California to settle in the Quapaw Agency of the Indian Territory. The federal government allowed some people back to Oregon in 1909. Those left in Oklahoma became the Modoc Tribe in Oklahoma.

Nez Perce, a Plateau tribe from Washington and Idaho, was sent to the Indian Territory as a prisoner of war in 1878, but after suffering great losses, they returned home in the northwest in 1885.

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Government

During the Reconstruction Era, when the size of the Indian Territory was reduced, the agreements renegotiated with the Five Civilized Tribes and the tribes occupying the Indian Quapaw Bodies contained a provision for governance structures in the Indian Territory. The replacement agreement signed in 1866 contains provisions for:

• The Legislative Indian territory will have proportional representation of a tribe of more than 500 members
• The law applies unless suspended by the Minister of Home Affairs or the President of the United States
• There are no laws that are inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States, or the law of Congress, or agreements in the United States
• There are no laws concerning "other legislative, judicial or organizational matters, laws or customs of any tribe or country, except as provided for"
• The Indian (or designated) Affairs Superintendent is the chairman of the Legislature of the Territory of India
• The Interior Secretary appoints the secretary of the Legislature of the Territory of India
• Courts or tribunals may be established in the Territory of India with jurisdiction and organization as may be prescribed by Congress: "Provided that the same shall not interfere with the local judiciary of any of these States."
• No session in one year shall exceed a period of thirty days, and provided that a special session may be called at any time, in the decision of the Minister of the Interior, the interests of such tribes require it

Source of the article : Wikipedia