Edinburgh ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic: DÃÆ'¹n ÃÆ'Ë †ideann ['t? The Scots: Edinburgh ) is the capital of Scotland and one of his 32 area board. Historically part of the Midlothian area, located in Lothian at Firth of Forth's south shore.
Recognized as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of Scottish government, Scottish Parliament and Scottish highest court. The Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the Monarchy in Scotland. The city has long been a center of education, especially in medicine, Scottish law, literature, science and engineering. It is Britain's second largest financial center (after London) and the city's historical and cultural attractions make it the second most popular tourist destination in the UK, attracting more than one million visitors from abroad every year.
Edinburgh is the second most populous city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in England. The official population estimate is 464,990 (2012) for Edinburgh Locality (Edinburgh pre-1975 regionalization plus Currie and Balerno), 507,170 (2016) for the City of Edinburgh, and 1,339,380 (2014) for the city area. Edinburgh is located in the heart of Edinburgh and South East Scotland comprises East Lothian, Edinburgh, Fife, Midlothian, Scottish Borders and West Lothian.
This city is the annual place of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the National Gallery of Scotland. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, is ranked 23rd at QS World University Rankings in 2018. The city is also famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and Fringe, the latter being the largest annual in the world. international art festival. Edinburgh's historic attractions include Edinburgh Castle, Holyroodhouse Palace, St. John's churches Giles, Greyfriars and Canongate, and the vast Georgian New City, built in the 18th century. Edinburgh's Old City and New Town are jointly listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by the World Heritage of Edinburgh since 1999.
Video Edinburgh
Etimologi
"Edin", the root of the city's name, is most likely derived from Brittonic Celtic, from the Cumbric language or variations of it which will be spoken by the earliest known people of the area, a tribe of the Iron Age known to the Romans. as Votadini , and last in sub-Roman history as Gododdin . It appears to be from the ancient Welsh title <"Eidyn name mentioned in Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin .
The names of the poems Din Eidyn as bastion hill ( Din meaning" dun ") in Gododdin territory. The nomenclature change, from Din Eidyn to Edinburgh , reflects changes in the local language from Cumbric to Old English, the Germanic language of the Anglican kingdom of Bernicia that permeated the area from the mid-7th century and is considered the ancestor of modern Scotland. Celtic Elements din dropped and replaced by the title of Old English burh . The first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is the royal charter, c. 1124-1127 , by King David I giving an attic in burgo meo de Edenesburg to Priory of Dunfermline.
In modern Gaelic, this city is called DÃÆ'¹n ÃÆ'Ë †ideann (often translated by English people).
Maps Edinburgh
History
Initial history
The earliest known human settlements in the Edinburgh area are at Cramond, where evidence is found from the site of the dated Mesolitic camp c. 8500 BC. The final footsteps of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age have been found in Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and Pentland Hills.
When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century, they found the Celtic Brittonic tribe whose name they recorded as Votadini. At some point before the seventh century, Gododdin, who was probably a descendant of Votadini, built the hill of Din Eidyn or Etin . Although the location has not been identified, it appears that they will choose command positions such as Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, or Calton Hill.
In 638, Gododdin's fort was besieged by troops loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria, and around this time Lothian's control moved to Angles. Their influence continued for the next three centuries until about 950, when, during the reign of Indulf, son of Constantine II, "Burh" (castle), mentioned in the 10th century Pictish Chronicles Oppidum Eden , abandoned by the Scots. Until now still under their jurisdiction.
The Burgh kingdom was founded by King David I at the beginning of the 12th century on the property of the Crown, although the exact date is unknown. In the mid-14th century, the French chronicler Jean Froissart described it as the capital of Scotland (c 1365), and James III (1451-88) called it in the fifteenth century "the main burgh of our kingdom." Despite the devastation caused by the British attack in 1544, the city slowly recovered, and was at the center of events in the 16th century Scottish Reformation and the 17th Century War of the Covenant.
the 17th century
In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded in the throne of England, unifying the crown of Scotland and England in a private union known as the Crown Unity, although Scotland remained, in all other ways, a separate kingdom. In 1638, King Charles I's attempts to introduce Anglican forms of church in Scotland encountered violent Presbyterian resistance that culminated in the war-conflict of the Three Kingdom War. The subsequent Scottish support for the restoration of Charles Stuart to the British throne resulted in the occupation of Edinburgh by Commonwealth forces Oliver Cromwell of England - the New Model Army - in 1650.
In the 17th century, the boundaries of Edinburgh were still determined by the city wall of city defense. As a result, the growth of the city's population is accommodated by raising the house height. The building is 11 floors or more common, and has been described as a pioneer of modern skyscrapers. Most of these old buildings are replaced by Victorian buildings that are visible in the Old City today.
18th century
Following the Unification Agreement in 1706, the British and Scottish Parliament authorized the Acts of Union in 1706 and 1707 respectively, unifying the two kingdoms in the United Kingdom effective from 1 May 1707. As a consequence, the Scottish Parliament merged with the British Parliament to form the British Parliament Raya, who sits in Westminster in London. The Society was opposed by many Scots, causing riots in the city.
In the first half of the 18th century, despite increasing prosperity evidenced by growing importance as a banking center, Edinburgh is described as one of the most populous, densely populated and unhealthy cities in Europe. Visitors are struck by the fact that various social classes share the same urban space, even inhabiting the same tenement building; although here is the prevailing form of social segregation, where shopkeepers and merchants tend to occupy less expensive basements and carriages, while better professional classes occupy more expensive middle floors.
During the Jacobite period of 1745, Edinburgh was occupied by the Jacobite "Highland Army" before the march to England. After the eventual defeat at Culloden, there followed a period of retaliation and security, largely directed at the rebel clan. In Edinburgh, the City Council, wishing to imitate London by initiating repairs and expansion of the city in the northern part of the castle, reaffirms its belief in the Union and loyalty to King Hanoverian George III with his choice of name for the streets of New Town. : for example, Rose Street and Thistle Street; and for the royal family, George Street, Queen Street, Hanover Street, Frederick Street, and Princes Street (in honor of George's two sons).
In the second half of this century, the city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment, when thinkers such as David Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton and Joseph Black were familiar figures on the streets. Edinburgh became the main intellectual center, earning it the nickname "North Athena" because of its many neo-classical buildings and a reputation for learning, given the ancient Athens. In the 18th century novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker by Tobias Smollett one character describes Edinburgh as a "genius's den". Edinburgh is also a major center of Scottish book trade. A very successful London book retailer, Andrew Millar, apprenticed there for James McEuen.
From the 1770s onwards, professional and business classes gradually left the Old City for the residence of a more elegant family in New Town, a migration that changed the social character of the city. According to the distinguished historian of this development, "The unity of social feeling is one of the most valuable legacies of old Edinburgh, and its disappearance is widely and truly regretted."
the 19th and 20th centuries
Although the traditional printing industry of Edinburgh, brewing and refining continued to grow in the 19th century, and joined with new rubber works and engineering work, there was little industrialization compared to other cities in the UK. In 1821, Edinburgh was taken over by Glasgow as Scotland's largest city. The city center between Princes Street and George Street became a major commercial and shopping area, a development partly stimulated by the arrival of trains in the 1840s. The Old Town became an increasingly dilapidated slum and crowded with high mortality rates. The improvements made under Lord Provost William Chambers in the 1860s began the transformation of the area into Victoria's predominant Old City seen today. More improvements followed in the early 20th century as a result of the work of Patrick Geddes, but relative economic stagnation during the two world wars and thereafter, the Old City deteriorated before the massive slum cleansing of the 1960s and 1970s began to reverse the process. The development of university buildings that changed the area of ​​George Square and Potterrow proved very controversial.
Since the 1990s, the new "financial district", including the Edinburgh International Conference Center, has grown mainly on railed properties dismantled to the west of the castle, stretching to Fountainbridge, a 19th century industrial area that has undergone radical changes since the 1980s with the collapse of industrial buildings and breweries. This ongoing development has enabled Edinburgh to maintain its position as the second largest financial and administrative center in London after London. Financial services are now one-third of all commercial office space in the city. The development of Edinburgh Park, a new business and technology park covering 38 acres (15 acres), 4 miles (6 km) west of the city center, also contributed to the District Council's strategy for major urban economic regeneration.
In 1998, the Scottish Law, which came into force the following year, formed a devolved Scottish Parliament and a Scottish Executive (renamed Scottish Government since September 2007). Both are based in Edinburgh, they are responsible for organizing Scotland while the things that are reserved such as defense, taxation and foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the Royal Parliament in London.
Geography
Cityscape
Located in Central Belt Scotland, Edinburgh is located on the southern coast of Firth of Forth. The city center is a <2> / 2 mile (4.0Ã, km) southwest of Leith coastline and 26 miles (42 km) inland, as flying crows, from the east coast of Scotland and the North Sea at Dunbar. While the early burgh grew up near the prominent Castle Rock, the modern city is often said to be built on seven hills, namely Calton Hill, Corstorphine Hill, Craiglockhart Hill, Braid Hill, Blackford Hill, Arthur's Seat and Castle Rock, giving rise to the allusions to the seven hills of Rome.
Occupying a narrow gap between the Firth of Forth to the north and the Pentland Hills and their escape to the south, the city lies over a landscape that is a product of early volcanic activity and intense glacial periods. Water activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with a fault, led to the creation of a hard basal volcanic plug, which dominates much of the area. One example is Castle Rock that forces icesheets forward to divide, protecting softer rocks and forming a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) tailed material to the east, thus creating a unique coral and tail formation. Glacial erosion on the north side of the reef traps deep valleys then filled by Nor Loch which is now dried. These features, along with other holes on the south side of the rock, form the ideal natural strong point where Edinburgh Castle was built. Similarly, Arthur's Seat is a remnant of a volcano dating from the Carboniferous period, eroded by glaciers that move west to east during the ice age. Erosive actions such as picking and abrasion expose rocky cliffs to the west before leaving the tail of glacial material deposited to the east. This process forms the typical Salisbury Crags, a series of teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and early burgh locations. The Marchmont and Bruntsfield settlement areas are built along a series of ridges south of the city center, which are deposited when the glaciers recede.
Other prominent landscapes such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are also a product of glacial erosion. The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small peaks to the southwest of the city that have an expansive view looking north over the urban areas to the Forth.
Edinburgh is drained by a river called Air Leith, which rises in Colzium Springs on Pentland Hills and runs 29 kilometers (18 miles) through the south and west of the city, emptied to the Firth of Forth in Leith. The nearest river to the city center is at Dean Village at the northwestern part of New Town, where deep canyons are laid out by Thomas Telford's Dean Bridge, built in 1832 for the road to Queensferry. The Water of Leith Walkway is a mixed use trail that follows the 19.6-mile (12.2 mi, mi) river course from Balerno to Leith.
Except the Firth of Forth coastline, Edinburgh is surrounded by a green belt, set in 1957, which runs from Dalmeny in the west to Prestongrange to the east. With an average width of 3.2 kilometers (2 mi) the main purpose of the green belt is to curb the expansion outside the city and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas. Expansions affecting the green belt are strictly controlled but developments such as Edinburgh Airport and the Royal Highland Showground in Ingliston lie within the zone. Similarly, suburbs such as Juniper Green and Balerno are located on the land of green belts. One feature of the Edinburgh green belt is the entry of a parcel of land within the city marked green belt, even though they are not connected with the peripheral rings. Examples of these independent green belt wedges include Holyrood Park and Corstorphine Hill.
Area
Edinburgh consists of certain areas that retain many of their original characters as settlements that existed before they were absorbed into the vast city of the nineteenth century. Many areas, such as Dalry contain residences that are multi-dwelling buildings known as tenements, although the southern and western parts of the city are traditionally more affluent with more separate and semi-detached villas.
Edinburgh's historic center is divided into two by the expansive green spread of Princes Street Gardens. To the south, the landscape is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, built high on Castle Rock, and sweeping the Old City long descending to Holyrood Palace. To the north lies Princes Street and New Town.
The West End includes a financial district, with insurance and banking offices and the Edinburgh International Conference Center.
Edinburgh's Old and New Towns were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Old City with the planned medieval and Georgian City road layout, including the adjoining Dean Village and the Calton Hill area. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city, a higher proportion relative to the county than any other city in the UK.
The Royal Mile runs downhill and ends at Holyrood Palace. The small path (called closes or wynds) lies on either side of the main spine forming the herringbone pattern. The street has some nice public buildings such as St Giles Cathedral, City Hall and the Court of Justice. Other historical attractions nearby are Greyfriars Kirkyard and Grassmarket. The layout of the street is the hallmark of the old city in many northern European cities.
The castle perched on a rock (the rest of the extinct volcano) and the Royal Mile descended the top of a ridge from there. Due to the limitations of space imposed by the narrowness of this form of land, the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high-rise" residential buildings. The multilevel residence known as land is the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven distinctive floors and even reaching fourteen or fifteen floors. Many of the dome beneath the roads were inhabited to accommodate the entry of immigrants, especially Irish immigrants, during the Industrial Revolution.
The New Town is an 18th century solution to the increasingly crowded city problem that has been limited to the declining ridge of the castle. In 1766 a competition to design "New Town" was won by James Craig, a 27-year-old architect. The plan is a rigid and orderly grid, which fits in with the rational ideas of the Enlightenment. The main street is George Street, walking along a natural ridge to the north of what is known as the "Old City". On both sides are two other major streets: Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has become Edinburgh's main shopping street and now has several Georgian buildings in their home country. The three main roads are connected by a series of roads that run perpendicular to them. The east and west ends of George Street are terminated by St. Andrew Square and Charlotte Square. The latter, designed by Robert Adam, influenced the style of New Town architecture into the early 19th century. Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square.
The gap between Old and New Town was previously Nor Loch, which was created for city defense but used by residents to dispose of their waste. It was drained by 1820 as part of a northern expansion of the city. Craig's original plan included an ornamental canal at the lake site, but the idea was abandoned. The soil was dug up while laying the foundations of buildings in New Town dumped at the lake location to create slopes connecting the Old and New Town known as The Mound.
In the mid-19th century, the National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels for the railway line between Haymarket and Waverley stations were pushed through it.
The Southside is a popular residential section of town, which includes the St Leonards district, Marchmont, Morningside, Newington, Sciennes, the Grange and Blackford. The Southside is generally analogous to the area covered earlier by Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area after the opening of the South Bridge in the 1780s. The Southside is very popular with families (many public and private schools here), young professionals and students (Central Edinburgh University campus is based around George Square to the north of Marchmont and the Meadows), and Napier University (with major campuses around Merchiston and Morningside). The area is also equipped with hotels and "bed and breakfast" accommodation to visit the festival visitors. These districts are often featured in works of fiction. For example, Church Hill in Morningside, is Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie's house, and Ian Rankin's Boil Inspector lives in Marchmont and works at St Leonards.
Leith has historically been the port of Edinburgh, an unknown date setting that was re-confirmed by the Robert the Bruce royal charter that was given to the city in 1329. This port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent still retained, and it was a matter of great hatred when two Burgh joined in 1920 to the City of Edinburgh. Even today the parliamentary seat is known as "North Edinburgh and Leith". The loss of traditional industries and trade (the last shipyard closed in 1983) resulted in an economic downturn. The Edinburgh Waterfront development has transformed the old dock areas of Leith to Granton into a residential area with shopping and recreational facilities and helped rejuvenate the area. With redevelopment, Edinburgh has acquired the business of a yacht company that now provides cruise ships to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Portobello's coastline is characterized by Georgian villas, Victorian tenements, popular beaches and pedestrian areas and cafes, bars, restaurants and independent shops. There are sailing and sailing clubs and a restored Victorian pool, including a Turkish bath.
Edinburgh's urban area is almost entirely within the boundaries of the Edinburgh City Council, joining Musselburgh in East Lothian. Towns within easy reach of the city limits include Dalkeith, Bonnyrigg, Loanhead, Newtongrange, Prestonpans, Tranent, Penicuik, Haddington, Livingston, Broxburn, and Dunfermline. Edinburgh is located in the heart of Edinburgh & amp; South East Scotland City with a population of 2014 of 1,339,380.
Climate
Like most of Scotland, Edinburgh has a relatively mild climate climate despite the northern latitudes. Daytime temperatures in winter rarely fall below freezing and are lighter than places like Moscow and Labrador located at the same latitude. Summer temperatures are usually moderate, rarely exceeding 22Ã, Â ° C (72Ã, Â ° F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 31.4 Â ° C (88.5 Â ° F) on 4 August 1975 at Turnhouse Airport. The lowest recorded temperature in recent years was -14.6 Â ° C (5.7 Â ° F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank. In an average year, the temperature will drop to a minimum of -7.3 Â ° C (18.9 Â ° F).
The proximity of the city to the sea reduces a variety of temperature or extreme climate. Given the position of Edinburgh between the coast and hills, this place is known as a "windy city", with winds coming from the southwest, often attributed to the unstable warm air of the North Atlantic Stream that can cause rain. - Although much less than the city in the west, like Glasgow. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. The wind from the east is usually drier but much cooler, and may be accompanied by haar, a continuous coastal fog. The powerful Atlantic depression, known as the European windstorm, can affect cities between October and May.
There is also a weather station in Gogarbank on the outskirts of the city. This slightly outback station has a slightly wider temperature range between seasons, more cloudy and slightly wet, but the difference is small.
Demographics
Current
The latest official population estimate is 464,990 (2012) for Edinburgh Locality and 507,170 (2016) for local authority areas. Edinburgh is located in the heart of Edinburgh & amp; South East Scotland City with a population of 2014 of 1,339,380. This makes Edinburgh the second largest city after Glasgow and the seventh largest in Britain.
Edinburgh has a high proportion of young adults, with 19.5% of the population in their 20s (surpassed only by Aberdeen) and 15.2% in the 30s which is the highest in Scotland. The proportion of Edinburgh-born Edinburgh residents fell from 92% to 84% between 2001 and 2011, while the proportion born in Scotland fell from 78% to 70%. Of Edinburgh residents born in the UK, 335,000 or 83% were born in Scotland, with 58,000 or 14% born in the UK.
The proportion of people born outside the UK was 15.9% compared with 8% in 2001. Countries that counted the largest number of citizens of Edinburgh born overseas were: Poland (13,000), Republic of Ireland (8,603), China (8,076 ), India (6,470), Pakistan (5,858), United States (3,700), Germany (3,500), Australia (2,100), France (2,000) Spain (2,000), South Africa (1,800) and Canada (1,800). 47% of the non-UK-born population in Edinburgh come from Europe, which is one of the highest cities in Britain.
About 13,000 people or 2.7% of the city's population are Poles. 39,500 people or 8.2% of Edinburgh's own class population as Non-White which represents an increase of 4% in 2001. Of the Non-White population, the largest group so far is Asia, with a total of 26,264 people. In the Asian population, the Chinese are now the largest subgroup, with 8,076 people, about 1.7% of the city's total population. The Indian population in the city amounts to 6,470 (1.4% of the total population), while there are about 5,858 Pakistanis (1.2% of the total population). Although their number is only 1,277 people or 0.3% of the city's population, Edinburgh has the largest number and population of Bangladesh in Scotland. More than 7,000 people are born in African countries (1.6% of the total population) and nearly 7,000 in America. With the exception of Inner London, Edinburgh has more people born in the United States (over 3,700) than any other city in the UK.
Historical
A census by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 recorded a population of 8,003 adults scattered to the north and south of High Street that stretched along the ridge descending from the Castle. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population grew rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831, primarily due to migration from rural areas. As the population grew, the density problems in the Old City, especially in the narrow tenements that line up today's Royal Mile and Cowgate, were exacerbated. Poor sanitary settings result in a high incidence of disease, with cholera outbreaks occurring in 1832, 1848 and 1866.
The construction of the New Town from 1767 onwards witnessed the migration of professional and business classes from the harsh living conditions of the Old City to lower densities, higher-quality neighborhoods that took shape on land to the north. The southern expansion of the Old City saw more tenement houses built in the 19th century, giving rise to Victoria suburbs such as Dalry, Newington, Marchmont and Bruntsfield.
The early growth of the population of the 20th century coincided with the development of low-density suburbs. As the city spreads to the south and west, the villas are separate and semi-detached with large gardens replacing the tenements as the dominant style of building. Nevertheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh residents still live in tenements or flat blocks, a figure parallel to other Scottish towns, but much higher than other British cities, and even central London.
From the early to mid 20th century population growth, along with the cleaning of slums in the Old Town and other areas, such as Dumbiedykes, Leith and Fountainbridge, led to the creation of new plantations such as Stenhouse and Saughton, Craigmillar and Niddrie, Pilton and Muirhouse, Piershill, and Sighthill.
Religion
The Church of Scotland claims the largest membership of any single religious denomination in Edinburgh. In 2010 there were 83 trials in Presbittery of Edinburgh. The most prominent church is St Giles' on the Royal Mile, first dedicated to 1243 but believed to have originated before the 12th century. Saint Giles is historically Edinburgh's patron saint. St Cuthbert's, located at the western end of Princes Street Gardens in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle and St Giles' can claim to be the oldest Christian site in town, though the present St. Cuthbert, designed by Hippolyte Blanc, was dedicated in 1894.
Other Church of Scotland churches include Greyfriars Kirk, Canongate Kirk, St. Andrew's and St. George's West Church and Barclay Church. The Scottish Church offices are in Edinburgh, such as the Assembly Hall where the annual General Meeting is held.
The Roman Catholic archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh has 27 parishes throughout the city. Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh have their official residence at Greenhill, and the diocesan office is near Marchmont. Edinburgh diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church has more than 50 churches, half of them in the city. The center is Gothic St. Mary's Cathedral of the 19th century at Palmerston Place in the West End. Orthodox Christianity is represented by Pan, Romanian and Russian Orthodox churches. There are several independent churches in the city, both Catholic and Protestant, including Charlotte Chapel, Christian Carrubbers Center, Bellevue Chapel and Sacred Heart. There are also Quaker churches, Christadelphians, Seventh-day Adventist Churches, Christ Churches, Scientists, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Edinburgh Central Mosque - the main mosque and Islamic Center in Edinburgh - is in Potterrow, south of the city, near Bristo Square. Construction was mostly financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and completed in 1998. There are other mosques on Annandale Street Lane, from Leith Walk, and on Queensferry Road, Blackhall and other Islamic centers throughout the city. There is also an active presence of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community. The first recorded presence of the Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the end of the 18th century. The Orthodox synagogue of Edinburgh, opened in 1932, is on Salisbury Road and can accommodate a trial in 2000. A Liberal Jewish congregation also meets in the city. There are Sikh gurdwara and Hindu mandirs, both at Leith, and the Brahma Kumaris center in the Polwarth area. The Edinburgh Buddhist Center, run by the Triratna Buddhist Community, previously located at Melville Terrace, now runs a session at the Healthy Living Center, Roti Street. Other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups meeting in the capital: Interbeing Community (Thich Nhat Hanh followers), Rigpa, Samye Dzong, Theravada, Holy Land and Shambala. There's S? T? Zen Monks at Portobello and Theravada Buddhist Monastery of Thailand on Slateford Road. Edinburgh is home to the active BahÃÆ'¡'Ã Komunitas Community, and Theosophical Society meets on Great King Street. Edinburgh has an active Inter-Faith Association.
Economy
Edinburgh has the strongest economy in every UK city outside London and the highest percentage of professionals in the UK with 43% of the population holding a degree or professional qualification. According to the International Competitiveness Center, it is the most competitive big city in the UK. It also has the highest gross added value per employee of any city in the UK outside London, measuring Ã, Â £ 57,594 in 2010. It is named after Europe The Great City of the Future is Best for Foreign Direct Investment and > The Best Big City for Foreign Direct Investment Strategies at Financial Times fDi magazine awards 2012/13.
In the 19th century, Edinburgh's economy was known for banking, publishing and brewing. Currently, its economy is mainly based on financial services, scientific research, higher education, and tourism. In March 2010, unemployment in Edinburgh was relatively low at 3.6%, and remained consistent below the Scottish average of 4.5%. Edinburgh is the second most visited city by foreign visitors in the UK after London.
Banking has been the mainstay of Edinburgh's economy for over 300 years, since Bank of Scotland (now part of the Lloyds Banking Group) was established by the Scottish Parliament law in 1695. Today, the financial services industry, with particularly strong insurance and investment sectors, and supported by Edinburgh-based companies such as Scottish Widow and Standard Life, contribute that the city became the second financial center in Britain after London and fourth in Europe in terms of equity assets. Royal Bank of Scotland opened a new global headquarters in Gogarburn in the west of the city in October 2005, and Edinburgh is home to Scottish Bank headquarters, Sainsbury's Bank, Tesco Bank, TSB Bank and Virgin Money.
Tourism is also an important element in the economy of the city. As a World Heritage Site, tourists visit historic sites such as Edinburgh Castle, Holyroodhouse Palace, and Old and New Towns. Their numbers are added in August each year during the Edinburgh Festival, which attracts 4.4 million visitors, and generates more than Ã, Â £ 100 million for the local economy.
As the center of Scottish government and legal system, the public sector plays a central role in Edinburgh's economy. Many Scottish Government departments are in the city. Other large businesses include the Scottish NHS and local government administration.
Culture
Festivals and festivals
Edinburgh Festival
The city hosts a series of festivals that run between late July and early September each year. The most famous of these events are Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Edinburgh International Festival, Edinburgh Military Tattoo and Edinburgh International Book Festival.
These oldest festivals are the Edinburgh International Festival, which was first held in 1947 and mainly consists of a theater production program and classical musical performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theater companies and orchestras.
It has since surpassed size and popularity by Edinburgh Fringe which started as a marginal action program in addition to the "official" Festival and has become the largest performing arts festival in the world. By 2017, nearly 3400 different performances are staged in 300 places across the city. Comedy has become one of Fringe's mainstays, with many famous comedians getting their first 'break' there, often by being elected to receive the Edinburgh Comedy Award. The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, occupies the Esplanade Palace every night, with pipers assembled and military bands drawn from around the world. The show ended with a short firework display.
As well as various summer festivals, many other festivals are held for the rest of the year, including the Edinburgh International Film Festival and the Edinburgh International Science Festival.
Hogmanay Edinburgh
The annual celebration of the Edinburgh Hogmanay street party informal initially is focusing on Tron Kirk on the High Street Old Town. Since 1993, it has been officially organized with the focus of moving to Princes Street. In 1996, more than 300,000 people attended, leading ticket street party in later years up to a limit of 100,000 tickets. Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the Hogmanay street party starts at. Tickets available alternatives for admission to the concert Princes Street Gardens and CÃÆ'¨ilidh, where famous artists perform and ticket holders can participate in traditional Scottish dance cÃÆ'¨ilidh. This event attracts thousands of people from all over the world.
On the night of April 30, the Beltane Fire Festival took place at Calton Hill, which involved a procession followed by scenes inspired by a pagan spring fertility celebration. In early October of each year, the Dussehra Hindu Festival is also held at Calton Hill.
Music, theater and movies
Outside the Festival season, Edinburgh supports several theaters and production companies. The Royal Lyceum Theater has its own company, while King's Theater, Edinburgh Festival Theater, and Edinburgh Playhouse feature a great tour. The Traverse Theater presents a more contemporary repertoire. Production of amateur theater companies staged at Bedlam Theater, Church Hill Theater and King's Theater.
The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's main venue for classical music, as well as occasional popular music concerts. It was the venue for the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest. Another room performed music and theater including The Hub, Assembly Room and Queen's Hall. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, Edinburgh Filmhouse and The Cameo, as well as independent Dominion Cinema and multiplexes.
Edinburgh has healthy, popular music. Sometimes big concerts are staged at Murrayfield and Meadowbank, while medium events take place in smaller venues such as Corn Exchange, Liquid Rooms and Bongo Clubs. In 2010, PRS for Music was listed in Edinburgh among the top ten 'most musical' cities in the UK. Some of the city's pubs are famous for their folk music performances. They include 'Sandy Bell's' on Forrest Road, 'The Captain's Bar' on South College Street, and 'Whistlebinkies' on the South Bridge.
Edinburgh is home to a growing contemporary composer group such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, HafliÃÆ' Â ° i HallgrÃÆ'msson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod. McLeod's music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and across the UK.
Rockstar North, formerly DMA Design, is known for creating the Edinburgh-based series of Grand Theft Auto .
Media
The Edinburgh Edinburgh Evening News is based in Edinburgh and published every day except Sunday. Johnston Press has the title and The Scotsman ; their headquarters are in Edinburgh and their national newspaper is the only one published in the city.
The city has two commercial radio stations: Forth 1, a station broadcasting mainstream chart music, and Forth 2 on the medium wave that plays the classic hit. Capital Radio Scotland and Eklipse Sports Radio also have transmitters that include Edinburgh. Along with UK national radio stations, Radio Scotland and the Gaelic BBC Radio nan GÃÆ' idheal language service are also broadcast. DAB digital radio is broadcast via two local multiplexes. Radio BFBS broadcasts from the studio at Dreghorn Barracks base throughout the city at 98.5FM as part of its UK Bases network
STV Edinburgh, a local TV channel for the city, was launched on January 12, 2015. Television, along with most radio services, was broadcast to the city from Craigkelly's transmitting station located in Fife on the opposite side of Firth of Forth.
Museums, libraries and galleries
Edinburgh has many museums and libraries. These include the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, the National War Museum, the Edinburgh Museum, the Surgeons Hall Museum, the Author's Museum, our Dynamic Children and Earth Museum. The Museum on the Mound has a money and banking exhibition.
Edinburgh Zoo, an area of ​​82 hectares (33Ã, ha) at Corstorphine Hill, is the second most popular paid tourist attraction in Scotland, and is currently home to two giant pianos, Tian Tian and Yang Guang, borrowed from the People's Republic of China.
Edinburgh is also home to The Royal Yacht Britannia, closed in 1997 and now a five-star tourist attraction and a night-time venue permanently docked at Ocean Terminal.
Edinburgh contains five National Art Gallery in Scotland as well as a number of smaller art galleries. The national collection is housed in the National Gallery of Scotland, located on Mound, now connected to the Royal Scottish Academy which hosts the main painting exhibitions on a regular basis. The contemporary collection is featured in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art which occupies a separate site in Belford. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery on Queen Street focuses on portraits and photography.
The council-owned Town Arts Center on Market Street hosts regular art exhibitions. Across the street, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world-class contemporary art exhibitions, featuring works of British and international artists with a new and established international reputation.
There are many small private galleries, including the Ingleby Gallery. It provides a variety of programs including performances by Callum Innes, Peter Liversidge, Ellsworth Kelly, Richard Forster, and Sean Scully.
The city hosts several galleries and organizations in Scotland dedicated to contemporary art. Significant strands of this infrastructure include: the Scottish Art Council, Edinburgh Art College, the Talbot Rice Gallery (Edinburgh University) and Edinburgh Annuale.
Shopping
Locally around Princes Street is the main shopping area in the city center, with souvenir shops, chain stores like Boots the Chemist, H & amp; M and Jenners. George Street, north of Princes Street, is a preferred location for some upscale shops and independent shops. St. Center James at the eastern end of Princes Street is currently being rebuilt, but John Lewis shop remains open. Multrees Walk, adjacent to St. James Center, is a recent addition in the central shopping district, which is dominated by the presence of Harvey Nichols. Shops here include Louis Vuitton, Mulberry and Calvin Klein.
Edinburgh also has a large retail park outside the city center. These include The Gyle Shopping Center and Hermiston Gait west of town, Cameron Toll Shopping Center, Straiton Retail Park and Fort Kinnaird to the south and east, and Ocean Terminal to the north by Leith's waterfront.
Government
Local government
After the reorganization of local government in 1996, Edinburgh is one of 32 Scottish council territories. Like all other Scottish local authorities, the council has power over most local administrative affairs such as housing, planning, local transportation, parks, economic development and regeneration. The Council is made up of 58 elected board members, returning from 17 multi-member electoral councils in the city. After Scotland's 2007 Local Elections, the ruling Labor Party lost control of the majority of the council after 23 years into a coalition of Liberal Democrats/SNPs. The Edinburgh City Council Elections, 2012 sees the Scottish Labor/SNP coalition. The Edinburgh City Council elections, 2017, saw the continuation of this government, but with the SNP as the largest party.
The city's emblem was registered by Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1732.
Scottish Parliament
Edinburgh, like all of Scotland, is represented in the Scottish Parliament. For election purposes, the city is divided into six constituencies which, together with 3 seats outside the city, are part of the Lothian region. Each constituency elects one Scottish Member of Parliament (MSP) by the first post-election system, and the region selects seven additional MSPs to produce results based on a proportional representation form.
In the 2016 election, the Scottish National Party has three MSPs: Ash Denham for Edinburgh Eastern, Ben Macpherson for Edinburgh Northern and Leith and Gordon MacDonald for the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency. Alex Cole-Hamilton of Scottish Liberal Democrats representing West Edinburgh, Daniel Johnson of the Scottish Labor Party represents the southern constituency of Edinburgh, and Conservative Scottish leader Ruth Davidson currently represents the Edinburgh Center constituency.
British Parliament
Edinburgh is also represented in the House of Commons of United Kingdom by five Members of Parliament. The city is divided into North Edinburgh and Leith, East Edinburgh, South Edinburgh, South West Edinburgh, and West Edinburgh, each one member election area by the first postal system passing by. Edinburgh is currently represented by three MPs affiliated with the Scottish National Party, one member of the Liberal Democratic Parliament in Edinburgh West and a Labor MP in South Edinburgh.
Transport
Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's largest and busiest airport and the main international gateway to the capital, handling more than 12 million passengers by 2016. To anticipate the increasing number of passengers, the former airport operator BAA outlines a master plan draft in 2011 to provide expansion of the airfield and terminal building. In June 2012, Global Infrastructure Partners bought the airport for Ã, £ 807 million. The possibility of building a second runway to address the increasing number of aircraft movements has also been debated.
Traveling in Edinburgh is mostly done by bus. Lothian Buses operates most of the city's bus services within the city and to the surrounding area, with most routes running through Princes Street. Further services operate from Edinburgh Bus Station from St Andrew Square and Waterloo Place and are operated mainly by Stagecoach East Scotland, Scottish Citylink, National Express Coaches & West Coast Motors.
Lothian Buses, as a substitute for Edinburgh Transportation Company Department, also operates all city tour buses, night buses and airport bus links. In 2010, Lothian Buses recorded 109 million passenger trips - up 1.9% from a year earlier.
Edinburgh Waverley is Scotland's second busiest railway station, with Glasgow Central alone handling more passengers. On passenger entry evidence and exit between April 2015 and March 2016, Edinburgh Waverley is the fifth busiest station outside London; it is also the second largest station in the UK in terms of number of platforms and area sizes. Waverley is the terminal for most of the trains arriving from London King's Cross and the departure point for many of Scotland's rail services operated by Abellio ScotRail.
To the west of the city center is Haymarket Station which is an important commuter stops. Opened in 2003, Edinburgh Park Station serves Gyle's business park in the west of the city and Gogarburn headquarters at Royal Bank of Scotland. The Edinburgh Crossrail Route connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Edinburgh Waverley and the Brunstane and Newcraighall suburbs in the east of the city. There is also a commuter line to South Gyle and Dalmeny, the latter serving South Queensferry by Forth Bridges, and to Wester Hailes and Curriehill in the south west of the city.
To overcome traffic congestion, Edinburgh is now served by six parks and sites up in the suburbs of Sheriffhall (in Midlothian), Ingliston, Riccarton, Inverkeithing (in Fife), Newcraighall and Straiton (in Midlothian). A referendum of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce congestion in the city.
Edinburgh Trams began operations on 31 May 2014. The city has been without a tram system since Edinburgh Corporation Tramways ceased on November 16, 1956. After parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began in early 2008. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed in July 2011 but , following delays caused by additional utility work and long-standing contract disputes between the Board and the main contractor, Bilfinger SE, the project was rescheduled. Project costs rose from the original projection of Ã, Â £ 545 million to Ã, Â £ 750 million by mid 2011 and some suggest it could eventually exceed Ã, Â £ 1 billion. The completed line is 8.7 miles (14.0 km) long, running from Edinburgh Airport, west of the city, to the current terminal at York Place in the downtown East End. Originally planned to proceed to Leith Walk to Ocean Terminal and where it will end in Newhaven.
Had this initial plan been completed, the tram would also run from Haymarket via Ravelston and Craigleith to Granton Square in Waterfront Edinburgh. Long-term proposals envision the line that runs west from the airport to Ratho and Newbridge and connects Granton Square to Newhaven via Lower Granton Road, thus completing the 1st (North Edinburgh) Line loop. Another line serving the southern part of the city has also been suggested.
Lothian Buses and Edinburgh Trams are both owned and operated by Transport for Edinburgh.
Education
There are four universities in Edinburgh (including Queen Margaret University located just outside the city limits) with students who number about one fifth of the population. Founded by Royal Charter in 1583, the University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland's ancient universities and is the fourth oldest in the country after St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen. Originally centered on the Old College the university expanded to spots on The Mound, the Royal Mile and George Square. Today, the King's House in the south of the city contains most of the schools in the College of Science and Engineering. In 2002, the medical school moved into a specially built accommodation adjacent to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Little France. The University is ranked 23rd at QS World University Rankings for 2018.
Heriot-Watt University and Napier Technical College were founded in the 1960s. Heriot-Watt started as the first Institute of Mechanics in the world, tracing its origins to 1821 when it opened as a school for technical education of the working class. The former Napier College was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and gained university status in 1992. Edinburgh Napier University has campuses in the south and west of the city, including the Merchiston Tower and Craiglockhart Hydropathic. This is home to the Scottish Screen Academy.
Queen Margaret University was located in Edinburgh before moving to a new campus near Musselburgh in 2008. Until 2012 further college education in the city including Jewel and Esk College (incorporating Leith Nautical College founded in 1903), Telford College, opened in 1968 , and Stevenson College, opened in 1970. It has now been merged to form Edinburgh College. Scotland's Rural College also has campuses in the south of Edinburgh. Other institutions include the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh founded by the Royal Charter in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh, founded in 1760, became the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907.
There are 18 kindergartens, 94 primary schools and 23 high schools run by the Edinburgh City Council. Edinburgh is home to The Royal High School, one of the oldest schools in the country and the world. The city also has several independent schools, fee payments including Edinburgh Academy, Fettes College, George Heriot's School, George Watson's College, Merchiston Castle School, Stewart's Melville College and The Mary Erskine School. In 2009, the proportion of students attending independent schools was 24.2%, well above the national average of Scotland over 7% and higher than in other regions of Scotland. In August 2013, the City Council of Edinburgh opened Gaelic's first stand-alone primary school, Bun-sgoil Taobh na PÃÆ' irce.
Health Care
The main NHS Lothian hospital serving the Edinburgh area is the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which includes the University of Edinburgh Medical School, and the Western General Hospital, which has a large cancer care center and a nurse-led Minor Injuries Clinic. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Morningside specializes in mental health. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, popularly referred to as 'Sick Children', is a specialist child hospital.
There are two private hospitals: Murrayfield Hospital to the west of the city and Shawfair Hospital in the south. Both are owned by Spire Healthcare.
Sports
Football
Men
Edinburgh has three football clubs playing in the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL): Heart of Midlothian, founded in 1874, Hibernian, founded in 1875 and Edinburgh City, founded in 1966.
Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian are known locally as "Hearts" and "Hibs" respectively, both playing in the Scottish Premier League. They are the city's oldest rivals in Scotland and the Edinburgh derby is one of the oldest derby matches in world football. Both clubs have won the Scottish league championship four times. Heart has won the Scottish Cup eight times and the Scottish League Cup four times. Hibs have won the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup three times each. The City of Edinburgh was promoted to the Scottish League SPFL Two in the 2015-16 season, becoming the first club to win promotion to the Scottish Professional Football League through a pyramid system.
Edinburgh is also home to three other Scottish Football League clubs: Leith Athletic, Meadowbank Thistle and St. Bernard's. Meadowbank Thistle played at Meadowbank Stadium until 1995, when the club moved to Livingston and became Livingston F.C. The Scottish national team rarely plays on Easter Road and Tynecastle, although his normal home stadium is Hampden Park in Glasgow. St Bernard's 'Logie Green' was used to host the Scottish Cup Final of 1896, the only time the game has been played outside Glasgow.
The city also plays host to Lowland Football League clubs, Civil Service Strollers, Edinburgh University and Spartans, as well as Edinburgh United and Craigroyston junior clubs, and East Scotland League clubs Heriot-Watt University, Leith Athletic, Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale, and Tynecastle.
Female Female
In women's soccer, Hibs and Spartans play in SWPL 1. Hearts and Edinburgh University Hutchison Vale (EUHV) play in SWPL 2.
Rugby
The Scottish national rugby union team and the professional Edinburgh Rugby team play at Murrayfield Stadium, owned by the Scottish Rugby Union and also used for other events, including music concerts. It is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland, seating 67,144 spectators. Edinburgh is also home to the RBS Premier One rugby team Boroughmuir RFC, Heriot Rugby Club, Edinburgh Academy, Currie RFC, and Watsonians RFC.
Rugby league is represented by the Edinburgh Eagles who play in Scotland's Rugby League Conference Division. Murrayfield Stadium hosts Magic Weekend where all Super League matches are played in the stadium for a week.
Other sports
The Scottish cricket team, which represents Scotland internationally, play their home game at the Grange cricket club.
The Edinburgh Capitals are the latest of a series of ice hockey clubs in the Scottish capital. Previously Edinburgh was represented by Murrayfield Racers and Edinburgh Racers. The club played their home game at Murrayfield Ice Rink and have competed in ten professional Elite Ice Hockey League teams since the 2005-06 season.
Caledonia Pride is the only professional women's basketball team in Scotland. Founded in 2016, the team competes in the British British Basketball League and plays their home game at the Oriam National Performance Center. Edinburgh also has several men's basketball teams in the Scottish National League. Boroughmuir Blaze, City of Edinburgh Kings and Edinburgh University all compete in the 1st Division of the National League, and Edinburgh Lions and Pleasance B.C. competing in the 2nd Division. Boroughmuir won the league in 2016, and won the playoffs of the same year, defeating the University in the final.
Right next to Murrayfield Ice Rink is a dedicated 7-sheeter curling facility where curling is played from October to March each season.
The Edinburgh Diamond Devils was a baseball club that won its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as "Reivers." 1992 saw the team repeat the achievement, becoming the first team to do so in league history. In the same year, their first young team, Blue Jays, began. The club adopted its present name in 1999.
Edinburgh also hosts national and international sporting events including the World Student Games, the 1970 Commonwealth Games in the UK, the Commonwealth Games 1986 and the first 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games. For the 1970 Olympics, the city built Olympic standard venues and facilities including Meadowbank Stadium and the Royal Commonwealth Pool. The Pool is undergoing refurbishment in 2012 and will host the Diving competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games to be held in Glasgow.
In American football, Scottish Claymores played a European WLAF/NFL match at Murrayfield, including their World Bowl 96 triumph. From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they divided their home matches between Murrayfield and Hampden Park in Glasgow, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one last appearance of Murrayfield in 2002. The most successful city non-professional team is Edinburgh Wolves who play at Meadowbank Stadium.
The Edinburgh Marathon has been held annually in this city since 2003 with over 16,000 runners taking part on every occasion. Its organizers call it "the fastest marathon in Britain" due to a 40 meter (130 feet) drop in height. The city also hosts a half marathon, as well as 10 km (6.2 mi) and 5 km (3.1 mi) races, including a 5 km (3 mile) race on 1 January each year.
Edinburgh has a speedway team, Edinburgh Monarchs, who, since the loss of the stadium in the city, has been running at Lothian Arena in Armadale, West Lothian. The Monarchs have won the Premier League championship five times in their history, in 2003 and again in 2008, 2010, 2014 and 2015.
Famous citizen
Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, which became very real during the Scottish Enlightenment. This heritage and the literary life of the city that lives in the present cause it to be declared the first UNESCO Literature City in 2004. Famous writers who have lived in Edinburgh include the economist Adam Smith, born in Kirkcaldy and author of The Wealth of Nations, James Boswell, biographer Samuel Johnson; Sir Walter Scott, creator of famous historical novels and writers such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe, and Heart of Midlothian; James Hogg, author of The Personal Memoir and Confessions of Justified Sinner ; Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Abducted , and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes; Muriel Spark, author of Prime Mister Jean Brodie ; Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting , whose novels are mostly placed in the city and often written in colloquial Scottish; Ian Rankin, author of thriller series Inspector Boil inspector, Alexander McCall Smith, serial author No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, and J. K. Rowling, the maker of Harry Potter, who started his first book at the Edinburgh coffee shop.
Scotland has a rich history of science and engineering, with Edinburgh producing a number of famous names. John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, was born in the Merchiston Tower and lives and dies in the city. His home is now part of the original campus of Napier University named in his honor. He is buried under St. Cuthbert. James Clerk Maxwell, founder of modern electromagnetism theory, was born at 14 Indian Street (now home of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation) and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and Edinburgh University, such as engineer and pioneer telephone Alexander Graham Bel. James Braidwood, who organized the first city fire brigade in England, was also born in the city and started his career there.
Other names associated with the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate; Charles Darwin, a biologist who expressed t
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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