East End of London , commonly called East End , is East London's wider historic core, east of the Roman and Medieval walls of London City, and north of the River Thames. It has no universally accepted boundaries, although the various channels of the Lea River are often regarded as the eastern boundary. It consists of areas of Central London, East London and London Docklands.
The emergence of the East End began in the Middle Ages with an initially slow urban growth beyond the eastern wall, which was later accelerated, especially in the 19th century, to absorb existing settlements. The first known written account of the East End as a different entity, as opposed to its component parts, comes from John Strype's 1720 'Survey of London', in which he describes London as composed of four parts: the City of London, Westminster, Southwark, and "That Part Behind the Tower". The relevance of Strype's reference to the Tower is more than geographical. The East End is part of the city of an area called Tower Division, which has owed military service to the Tower of London for an archaeological time. Later, as London grew, the completely urbanized Tower Division became a proverb for the wider East London, before East London grew further, east of Lea and into Essex.
The area is famous for its deep poverty, population density and related social problems. This has led to a history of Eastern political activism and enduring strong ties with some of the most influential social reformers in the country. Another major theme of East End history is migration; both inside and out. The area has a strong appeal to the rural poor from other parts of the UK and draws waves of migration from further away: mainly Huguenot refugees, who created a new suburb of Spitalfields in the 17th century, Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the century 20th, Sylheti Bangladesh.
The closure of the last East End jetty in London Harbor in 1980 created further challenges and led to regeneration efforts and the establishment of the London Docklands Development Corporation. The development of Canary Wharf, infrastructure improvements, and Olympic Park mean the East End is undergoing further changes, but some parts continue to contain some of the worst poverty in Britain.
Video East End of London
Uncertain boundaries
East End is located east of the Roman wall and the medieval city of London, and north of the River Thames. Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is a symbolic beginning of the East End and, on the river, the Tower Bridge is also sometimes also described in these terms.
Beyond this reference, the East End has no official or generally accepted restrictions, and there are various views on how much larger East London should be incorporated therein.
The common choice is to include the modern district of Tower Hamlets, and the former Shoreditch parish and borough (this includes Hoxton and Haggerston and now the southern London of the modern Borough of Hackney).
An alternative, more limited definition limits the East End to the modern district of Tower Hamlets.
Parts of the old parish and the Hackney borough are sometimes included, while others include eastern regions of Lea such as West Ham, East Ham, Leyton and Walthamstow.
This uncertainty is not new; when Jack London came to London in 1902, his Hackney train driver did not know his way. Jack London observes, "Thomas Cook and Son, trailer and trailer, the living poles for the whole World... do not know the way to the East End".
Maps East End of London
Development
Appears
The East End began with the medieval growth of London outside the walls, along the prominent Roman Roads of Bishopsgate and Aldgate and also beside the Thames.
Growth is much slower in the east, and the simple extension on this side is separated from the much larger extension in the west by the open marshy area of ​​Moorfields adjacent to the wall on the north side which impedes the development towards it.
The building accelerated in the 16th century, and the area that became known as the East End began to form.
In 1720 John Strype gave us the first record of East End as a different entity when he described London as being composed of four parts: the City of London, Westminster, Southwark, and "That Section Behind the Tower".
The relevance of Strype's reference to the Tower is more than geographical. The East End is part of the city of an area called Tower Division, which has owed its military service to the Tower of London for a long time, rooted in the historic Bishop of Manor of Stepney in London. Later, as London grew, the completely urbanized Tower Division became a proverb for the wider East London, before East London grew further, east of Lea and into Essex.
For a very long time the East End was physically separated from the growth of west London by an open space known as Moorfields. The boundary of Shoreditch with St. Luke's parish (and its predecessor St Giles-without-Cripplegate) flows through the Moorfield countryside into, on urbanization, the eastern and northern borders of London. The line, with slight modifications, also became the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of Hackney and Islington.
Moorfields remained largely open until 1812, and the long-standing existence of the open space that separates the East End from the expansion of western urban London must have helped shape the diverse economic characteristics of the two halves and their different perceptions of identity (see map below).
Historically, the East End always has some of the poorest areas of London. The main reasons for this include the following:
- The medieval hermitage system, prevailing throughout the East End, entered the 19th century. Basically, there is no point in developing land held on a short lease.
- The placement of hazardous industries, such as tanning and wind direction outside the city limits, and therefore beyond official complaints and control. Foul-smelling industries favor the East End as the prevailing winds in London move from west to east (ie, high winds from other parts of the city), which means that most of the smells of their business will not enter the city but outside, and with thereby reducing complaints.
- Low paid work on docks and related industries is exacerbated by the practice of homework trading, piecework and casual work.
- Concentration of the ruling courts and national political center in Westminster, on the opposite west side of London City.
Historically, East End is not exactly in line with the Manor of Stepney. The fort was held by the Bishop of London, in compensation for his duty in defending and tearing down the Tower of London. Further ecclesiastical possession arises from the need to seal swamps and create flood defenses along the Thames River. Edward VI handed the land over to the Wentworth family, and then to their offspring, the Earls of Cleveland. The ecclesiastical copyhold system, in which the land is leased to a lessee for a period of as short as seven years, applies throughout the castle. Very limited scope for new land and building repairs until the plantation was damaged in the 19th century.
In medieval trade it was done in the workshops in and around the place of owners in the City. At the time of the Great Fire it became an industry and some very noisy, like urine processing to tanning; or need large amounts of space, such as drying clothes after the process and dying in a field known as tenterground; and rope making. Some are dangerous, such as making gunpowder or proving weapons. This activity takes place outside the city walls on the outskirts near the East End. Then when the manufacture of lead and bone processing for soap and chinese began to be established, they are also located in the East End rather than the crowded streets of the City.
The land east of the City was always used as a hunting ground for bishops and royalty, with King John setting up a palace in the Bow. The Cistercian Stratford Langthorne Abbey became Henry III's palace in 1267 for the visit of the papal envoys, and here he reconciled with the barons under the dictum rule of Kenilworth. It became the fifth largest monastery in the country, visited by kings and providing a popular retreat (and final resting place) for the nobility. The Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, south of the river, was built by the Bupati for Henry V, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry VIII set up a hunting lodge at Bromley Hall. These Kingdom Connections continued until after the Interregnum when the Courts stood alone at the Whitehall Palace and political offices gathered around them. The East End is also located on the main road to Barking Abbey, which is important as a religious center since the time of Norman and where William the Conqueror first established his English court.
Accelerated 19th century development
During the Middle Ages, settlements had been established mainly along the existing street lines, and the main villages were Stepney, Whitechapel and Bow. Settlements along the river from now on to serve shipping needs on the Thames, but the City of London retains its right to actually land the goods. The banks of the river became more active in Tudor times, as the Royal Navy expanded and international trade developed and downstream, a large fishing port developed in Barking to provide fish for the City. These and other factors mean that industries related to the construction, repair, and victories of naval vessels and merchants flourish in the area.
While nobles like King John already have a hunting lodge in Bromley-by-Bow, and the Bishop of London has a palace in Bethnal Green, then this plantation begins to be separated, and plantations of fine houses for captains, merchants and factory owners begin to build. Samuel Pepys moved his family and belongings to Bethnal Green during the Great Fire of London, and Captain Cook moved from Shadwell to Stepney Green, a place where schools and assembly chambers have been erected (commemorated by Assembly Passage, and plaque on Cook's home site on Jalan Mile End). Mile End Old Town also gained some nice buildings, and New Town was built. When the area began to build and more crowded, the rich man sold their plot to sub-division and moved further. In the 18th and 19th centuries, there were still attempts to build fine houses, such as Tredegar Square (1830), and open fields around Mile End New Town were used for the construction of a workers' cottage estate in 1820. It was designed in 1817 in Birmingham by Anthony Hughes and finally built in 1820
Globe Town was founded from 1800 to provide a wider population of weavers around Bethnal Green, attracted by the increased prospects of silk weaving. Bethnal Green population increased between 1801 and 1831, with 20,000 looms operated in people's homes. In 1824, with the restriction of French silk imports relaxed, up to half the loom became inactive, and prices fell. With many of the existing import warehouses in the district, the abundance of cheap labor turns into boot, furniture, and clothing making. Globe Town continued its expansion into the 1860s, long after the decline of the silk industry.
During the 19th century, building an ad hoc base will never meet the needs of an ever-expanding population. Henry Mayhew visited Bethnal Green in 1850 and wrote for the Morning Chronicle, as part of a series that formed the basis for London Labor and the London Poor (1851), that trade in the region it includes tailors, costermongers, shoemakers, dustmen, saws, carpenters, cabinet makers and silk weavers. He noted that in the regions:
streets unmade, often mere alleys, small houses and no foundations, divided and often around unpaved grounds. Almost no drainage and sewerage is exacerbated by ponds formed by brickearth excavations. Pigs and cows in back yards, dangerous trades like boiling tripe, melting fat, or preparing cat meat, and slaughterhouses, dust, and 'rotting ground lakes' are added to the dirt
A movement began cleaning up slums - with Burdett-Coutts building Columbia Market in 1869 and with the passage of its "Successor Law" and Workers "in 1876 to provide the power to seize the slums of landlords and provide access to public funds to build housing associations such as the Peabody Trust were set up to provide philanthropic homes for the poor and clean up slums in general Expansion works by railroad companies, such as London and Blackwall Railway and Great Eastern Railway, caused large areas of slums to be destroyed The " Working Classes Dwellings Act "in 1890 put a new responsibility to accommodate displaced people and this led to the construction of new" philanthropic housing "such as the Blackwall Building and the Great East Building.
In 1890 an official slum program began. One of them is the creation of the world's first board house, the LCC Boundary Estate, which replaces the neglected and bustling streets of Mount Friars, better known as The Old Nichol Street Rookery. Between 1918 and 1939, the LCC continued to replace East End housing with five or six floored flats, although residents preferred gardens and opposition from shopkeepers who were forced to move to a new, more expensive place. The Second World War ended the slum cleaning even further.
Industry and built environment
Marine-related industries are evolving throughout the East End, including ropes and shipbuilding. The locations of roperies can still be identified from their long straight and narrow profiles on modern roads, for example Ropery Street near Mile End. Shipbuilding is important from the time when Henry VIII caused the ship to be built in Rotherhithe as part of the Royal Navy expansion. On January 31, 1858, the largest ship at the time, SS Great Eastern, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was launched from Messrs Scott Russell & amp; Co., from Millwall. The 692 foot (211 m) ship is too long to fit across the river, so the ship must be launched to the side. Due to technical difficulties of the launch, after this, ship building on the River Thames has decreased long. The ship continued to be built on the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company in Blackwall and Canning Town until the yard closed in 1913, shortly after the launch of the Drednought Warship HMS Thunderer (1911).
West India Docks was founded in 1803, providing berths for larger vessels and models for the construction of London docks in the future. The imports from the West Indies were lowered directly to the dock warehouse. The vessel is limited to 6000 tons. The old Brunswick wharf, a shipyard in Blackwall became the basis for the East India Company East Docks established there in 1806. The London Docks were built in 1805, and the waste and debris from the construction was brought by barge to west London, to build the Pimlico swamp area. This wharf imports tobacco, wine, wool, and other items into warehouses guarded within high walls (some of which are still left). They could tether more than 300 sailboats simultaneously, but in 1971 they were closed, no longer able to accommodate modern voyages. The main pier, St. Katharine Docks, was built in 1828 to accommodate luxury items, cleaning up slums located in the area of ​​the former St. Katharine Hospital. They were not commercially successful, as they were unable to accommodate the largest vessels, and in 1864, dock management was combined with the London Docks. Millwall Docks were made in 1868, primarily for the import of grain and wood. This pier houses the first purpose-built barn for the Baltic wheat market, a local landmark that remains untouched to increase access to London City Airport.
The first railway line ('Commercial Train') to be built, in 1840, was a passenger service based on cable transport by stationary steam engines that ran 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Minories to Blackwall on a pair of tracks. It takes 14 miles (22.5 km) of hemp ropes, and the carriages 'go down' when it arrives at the station, which is connected to the cable for the trip back, and the train 'reassemble' itself in the terminal. The line was changed to standard size in 1859, and steam locomotive was adopted. Terminal development in London at Fenchurch Street (1841), and Bishopsgate (1840) provided access to the new suburbs across the Lea River, again resulting in the destruction of housing and the increasing density in the slums. After the opening of Liverpool Street station (1874), the Bishpsgate train station became a yard of goods, in 1881, to bring imports from the Eastern ports. With the introduction of containers, the station declined, suffered a fire in 1964 that destroyed station buildings, and was finally dismantled in 2004 for the extension of the East London Line. In the 19th century, the area north of Bow Road became the main railway center for the North London Railway, with grinding bases and a maintenance depot serving both the City and West India jetty. The nearby Bow Train Station opened in 1850 and was rebuilt in 1870 in a magnificent style, featuring a concert hall. Lines and yards were closed in 1944, after severe bomb damage, and never reopened, as goods became less significant, and cheaper facilities were concentrated in Essex.
The Lea River is a smaller boundary than the Thames, but that is significant. Royal Docks construction consisting of Royal Victoria Dock (1855), able to accommodate up to 8000 tons; Royal Albert Dock (1880), up to 12,000 tons; and King George V Dock (1921), up to 30,000 tons, in estuary swamps, extend London's ongoing development across Lea to Essex for the first time. The railway gave access to the passenger terminal at Gallion Reach and a new suburb made at West Ham, which quickly became a large manufacturing city, with 30,000 homes built between 1871 and 1901. Soon after, East Ham was built to serve the new Light Gas. and Coke Company as well as the huge waste of Bazalgette working at Beckton.
From the mid-20th century, docks declined in use and eventually closed in 1980, leading to the establishment of the London Docklands Development Corporation in 1981. The main port of London is now in Tilbury, further below the mouth of the River Thames, beyond the limits of Greater London. The pier was established in 1886 to carry bulk goods by train to London, but to be closer to the sea and capable of accommodating ships of 50,000 tons, they were more easily converted to the needs of modern container vessels in 1968, and therefore they survived. inner dock closure. Docks along the river continue to be used but on a much smaller scale.
At the end of the seventeenth century a large number of Huguenot weavers arrived in the East End, settling to serve the growing industry around the new plantations in Spitalfields, where the weavers master was headquartered. They carry the tradition of 'reading clubs', where books are read, often in public houses. Authorities are suspicious of immigrant meetings and in some ways they are right to be like this growing up into workers' associations and political organizations. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the silk industry had declined - partly due to the introduction of calicoed cloth printed - and riots ensued. The 'Spitalfield Riot' 1769 is actually centered east and extinguished with great power, culminating in two people hanged in front of the Salmon and Ball public house in Bethnal Green. One of them is John Doyle (Irish weavers), the other John Valline (Huguenot's descendants).
In 1844, "An Association to Promote Hygiene among the Poor" was established, and built a bath and laundry house in Glasshouse Yard, East Smithfield. It cost a cent to bathe or wash and in June 1847 received 4,284 people per year. This led to the Law of Parliament to encourage other municipalities to build their own cities and models spread rapidly throughout the East End. The limbs noted that "... so strong is the love for cleanliness, thus encouraging women often work hard to wash their own clothes and clothing of their children, who are forced to sell their hair to buy food to satisfy the cravings of hunger ".
William Booth started the 'Christian Awakening Society' in 1865, preaching the gospel in tents set up in 'Friends Burial Ground', Thomas Street, Whitechapel. Others joined the 'Christian Mission', and on August 7, 1878, Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road. A statue commemorates his mission and his work in helping the poor. Dubliner Thomas John Barnardo came to London Hospital, Whitechapel to train medical missionary work in China. Immediately after his arrival in 1866, a cholera epidemic swept the East End killing 3,000 people. Many families become poor, with thousands of children being orphaned and forced to beg or find work in the factory. In 1867, Barnardo founded the Ragged School to provide basic education but was shown many children sleeping soundly. His first home for boys was founded at 18 Stepney Causeway in 1870. When a boy died after turning (the house was full), the policy was instituted that 'Unworthy Children Ever Refused Enrollment'.
In 1884, the Settlement movement was established, with settlements such as Toynbee Hall and Oxford House, to encourage students to live and work in slums, experience conditions and try to reduce some poverty and misery in the East End. The famous residents of Toynbee Hall include R. H. Tawney, Clement Attlee, Guglielmo Marconi, and William Beveridge. The Hall continued to have considerable influence, with the Worker Education Association (1903), Citizens Advice Bureau (1949) and Child Poverty Action Group (1965) all established or influenced by it. In 1888, matchgirls from Bryant and May on Bow broke down for better working conditions. This, combined with many dock strikes of the same era, makes the East End a key element in the foundations of modern socialist organizations and trade unions, as well as the Right to Choose movement.
Toward the end of the 19th century, a wave of new radicalism came to the East End, arriving well with Jewish migrants fleeing from the persecution of Eastern Europe, and Russian and German radicals avoiding capture. A German ÃÆ' Â © migrÃÆ' Â © anarchist, Rudolf Rocker, began writing in Yiddish for Arbayter Fraynd (Worker Friends). In 1912, he organized massive London garment worker attacks for better conditions and ended 'sweating'. Among the Russians is an anarchist fellow Peter Kropotkin who helped establish the Freedom Press at Whitechapel. Afanasy Matushenko, one of the leaders of the Potemkin uprising, fled from the failure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 to seek refuge at Stepney Green. Leon Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin attended the meeting of the Iskra newspaper in 1903. at Whitechapel; and in 1907 Lenin and Joseph Stalin attended the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held at a Hoxton church. The congress consolidated the leadership of the Lenin Bolshevik faction and the contested strategy for the communist revolution in Russia. Trotsky noted, in his memoirs, met Maxim Gorky and Rosa Luxemburg at the conference.
In the 1880s, casual systems caused dock workers to union under Ben Tillett and John Burns. This led to a request for '6d per hour' ( The Docker's Tanner ), and ended the freelancers on dock. Colonel G. R. Birt, general manager at Millwall Docks, provided evidence to the Parliamentary committee, on the physical condition of the workers:
Poor people dressed badly, almost without shoes on their feet, in the saddest circumstances.... These are people who come to work on our docks that come without a bit of food in their stomachs, probably because of the day before; they have worked for an hour and get 5d. [2p]; Their hunger will not allow them to continue: they take 5d. so they can get food, maybe the first food they have for twenty-four hours.
These conditions made the workers gain much public sympathy, and after a fierce struggle, the London Dock Strike of 1889 was completed in triumph for the strikers, and formed a national movement to unionize freelancers, as opposed to existing trade unions.
Philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts is active in the East End, alleviating poverty by setting up a sewing school for the former weavers at Spitalfields and building the ornate Columbia Market at Bethnal Green. He helped formalize the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, a keen supporter of the 'Ragged School Union', and operates a residential scheme similar to the Corporate Residence Model such as the East End Dwellings Company and the Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company, investors receive a financial return on their philanthropy. Between the 1890s and 1903, when the work was published, social campaigner Charles Booth instigated an investigation into the lives of the poor in London (based in Toynbee Hall), many of which centered on poverty and conditions in the East End. Further investigations were instigated by the 'Royal Commission on Poor Law and Relief from Distress 1905-09', the Commission finds it difficult to agree, beyond the necessary changes and produce separate minority and separation reports. The minority report is the work of Booth with the founders of London School of Economics Sidney and Beatrice Webb. They advocate focusing on the causes of poverty and the radical idea of ​​poverty to be unintentional, and not the result of innate laziness. At that time their work was denied but gradually adopted as policy by successive governments.
Sylvia Pankhurst became increasingly disillusioned with the inability of the voting movement to engage with the needs of working-class women, so that in 1912 he formed his own secessionist movement, the Suffragettes East London Federation. He based it in a bakery in the Bow that was adorned with the slogan, "Votes for Women", in big gold letters. Local Member of Parliament, George Lansbury, resigned from a chair in the House of Commons to run in the selection of women's rights platform. Pankhurst supported him on this, and Bow Road became the campaign office, reaching its peak in a large meeting near Victoria Park. Lansbury narrowly lost the election, and support for the East End project was withdrawn. Pankhurst refocused his efforts, and with the outbreak of the First World War, he started a canteen, clinic, and canteen at the cost price for the poor at the bakery. A paper, Women's Dreadnought , was published to bring his campaign to a wider audience. Pankhurst spent twelve years in Bow fighting for women's rights. During this time, he risked constant arrests and spent several months in Holloway Prison, often on hunger strikes. He finally achieved his goal for the full adult female suffrage in 1928, and along the way he eased some poverty and misery, and improved social conditions for everyone in the East End.
The alleviation of the widespread unemployment and famine in Poplar has to be funded from the money collected by the borough itself under the Poor Law. The poverty in the borough made this unfairly apparent and led to the 1921 conflict between the government and local council members known as the Poplar Ticket Rebellion. The board meeting is for the time held in Brixton jail, and the board members receive wide support. Ultimately, this leads to the abolition of the Poor Law through the 1929 Regional Government Act.
The General strike began as a dispute between miners and their employers outside London in 1925. On May 1, 1926, the Trade Union Congress called workers across the country, including the port workers in London. The government has had more than a year to prepare and deploy troops to break the hammers of the port workers. The armed food convoy, accompanied by an armored car, drove on the East India Dock Road. On May 10, a meeting was mediated at Toynbee Hall to end the strike. TUC was forced to embark on an embarrassing ascent and the general strike ended on May 11, with miners lasting until November.
Second World War
The hardest, Luftwaffe will destroy Stepney. I know the East End! The Jews are dirty and Cockney will run like a rabbit into their holes.
Initially, German commanders were reluctant to bomb London, fearing retaliation against Berlin. On August 24, 1940, a plane, assigned to bomb Tilbury, accidentally bombed Stepney, Bethnal Green and City. The next night the RAF retaliated by installing 40 aircraft attacks in Berlin, with a second attack three days later. The Luftwaffe changed its strategy from attacking shipments and airfields to attacking cities. City and West End are designated 'Target Areas B'; East End and dock is 'Target A Area'. The first attack occurred at 4:30 am. on September 7 and consisted of 150 Dornier and Heinkel bombers and a large number of fighters. This was followed by a second wave of 170 bombers. Silvertown and Canning Town bear the brunt of this first attack.
Between September 7, 1940 and May 10, 1941, a sustained bombing campaign was set up. It started with the London bombings for 57 consecutive nights, an era known as 'the Blitz'. East London was targeted because the area was central to import and storage of raw materials for war effort, and the German military command felt that support for war could be damaged among the working-class population. On the first night of the Blitz, 430 civilians were killed and 1,600 wounded. The population responded by evacuating children and vulnerable to the state and digging, building Anderson shelters in their gardens and Morrison shelters in their homes, or going to communal shelters built in the local public spaces. On September 10, 1940, 73 civilians, including women and children preparing for evacuation, were killed when a bomb hit the South Hallsville School. Although the official death toll is 73, many locals believe it is definitely higher. Some estimates say 400 or even 600 may have lost their lives during this raid in Canning Town.
The effects of the intensive bombing are worrying authorities and 'Mass Observations' are deployed to gauge attitudes and provide policy advice, just as before the war they have investigated local attitudes toward anti-Semitism. The organization notes that close family and friendship relationships in the East End provide residents with surprising resilience under fire. Propaganda was published, reinforcing the image of 'brave and cheerful Cockney'. On Sunday after Blitz began, Winston Churchill himself toured the bombed areas of Stepney and Poplar. Anti-aircraft installations are built in public parks, such as Victoria Park and Mudchute on the Isle of Dogs, and along the Thames River line, as these are used by aircraft to guide them to their targets.
Authorities were initially wary of opening the London Underground for cover, fearing the effect on the spirit elsewhere in London and hampering normal operations. On September 12, after five days of heavy bombing, people in the East End took the matter into their own hands and raided the train station with pillows and blankets. The government relents and opens the Central line, partly completed as a refuge. Many subway stations are still used as shelters until the end of the war. The air mine was deployed on September 19, 1940. This explosion occurred at the height of the roof, causing severe damage to buildings over a larger radius than the impacted bombs. Currently, the Port of London has been severely damaged with a third of its warehouse destroyed, and West India and St Katherine Docks have been beaten and extinguished. A strange incident occurred when the Lea River was burning with a frightening blue flame, caused by a blow at the gin mill in Three Mills, and the Thames itself burned greatly when Tate & amp; Lyle's Silvertown sugar refinery was hit.
On March 3, 1943 at 8:27 pm, an unopened Bethnal Green underground station was the scene of a wartime disaster. The family had been crammed into an underground station because of an air raid siren at 8:17 pm, one of those 10 days. There was panic at 8:27 to coincide with the sound of an anti-aircraft battery (probably a newly installed Z battery) fired near Victoria Park. In the wet and dark conditions, a woman slipped on the entrance stairs and 173 people were killed in the resulting crush. The truth was suppressed, and a report emerged that there was a direct attack by a German bomb. Official investigation results were not released until 1946. There are now placards at the entrance of the subway station, which commemorates the event as "the worst civil disaster of World War II". The first V-1 flying bomb struck at Grove Road, Mile End, on June 13, 1944, killed six people, injured 30 people, and left 200 people homeless. The area remained abandoned for years until it was cleared to extend the Mile End Park. Prior to the demolition, local artist Rachel Whiteread made an inside cast of 193 Grove Road. Despite attracting controversy, the show won him the Turner Prize for 1993.
It is estimated that by the end of the war, 80 tons of bombs fell on the Metropolitan Bethnal Green Borough alone, affecting 21,700 homes, destroying 2,233 and making 893 uninhabitable. In Bethnal Green, 555 people were killed, and 400 were seriously injured. For all Tower Hamlets, a total of 2,221 civilians were killed, and 7,472 wounded, with 46,482 houses destroyed and 47,574 damaged. Beaten very badly was the East End, when Buckingham Palace was attacked at the peak of the bombing, Queen Elizabeth observed that "It makes me feel able to see the East End on her face." At the end of the war, the East End was a place of destruction, with many abandoned and uninhabited areas. War production was quickly changed to make prefabricated homes, and many were installed in bombed areas and remained common in the 1970s. Today, the 1950s and 1960s architecture dominates residential housing areas such as the Lansbury Estate in Poplar, many of which were built as part of the 1951 British Festival.
Outside of cockney perception and identity
Society generally views the East End with a mixture of suspicion and interest with the use of the term East End in a derogatory sense that began in the late 19th century, as the expansion of London population caused extreme density throughout the region and concentration of the poor and immigrants. The problem is exacerbated by the construction of the St. Katharine Docks (1827) and the central London railway (1840-1875) which led to the clearing of slums and settlements, with many moved to the East End. For a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, density, disease and crime.
The 1880s invention of the term 'East End' was quickly picked up by a new half-penny press, and in the pulpit and music hall... A shabby man from Paddington, St. Marylebone or Battersea might pass the gathering as one of the respectable poor. But the same people coming from Bethnal Green, Shadwell or Wapping are 'East Ender', Keating insect powder boxes have to be contacted, and the spoon is locked. In the long run this cruel stigma comes to do good. This is the last incentive for the poorest to come out of the 'Eastern End' by all means, and it becomes a concentrated reminder to the public conscience that nothing that can be found in the 'Eastern End' should be tolerated in a Christian country.
Internally this area is generally proud of its 'Cockney identity', although this term has geographical and language connotations and because so often with London it is difficult to pin down. See also East End of London in popular culture.
Geographic
The traditional definition is that to be a Cockney, one must be born in the sound of Bow Bells, located on Cheapside. In general, the sound pattern will cover most of the City, and parts near the East End like Aldgate and Whitechapel, but it is unlikely the bells will be heard on the dock. In practice, with Royal London the only maternity hospital nearby, few would be born within earshot.
In the practice of people from all over East End, inner East London and sometimes beyond self-identification as Cockneys.
Linguistics
The use of Cockney linguistics is more identifiable, with lexical loans from Yiddish, Romani, and costermonger slang, and distinctive accents featuring T-glottisation, loss of tooth frictures and diphthong changes, among others. This accent is said to be the rest of the early English speech of London, modified by many immigrants to the area. The Cockney accent has undergone a long decline, beginning with the introduction of the 20th century accepted pronunciation, the adoption of more recent Estuary languages, which in itself contains many features from Cockney English, and ultimately with mass immigration that has made native English speakers into minority in the area
English Cockney is used extensively in East End, East London which is wider and wider in the traditional working class areas of London.
There is a Cockney derivative called Estuary English, heavily influenced by Cockney and named after the Thames Estuary area where the movement of East Londoners to southern Essex and to the lower part in the north of Kent caused it to be widely used in these areas. As well as the concentration of speakers around the mouth of the speech form can be heard less commonly in various other places around the Home Counties.
In the London Cockney speech, to a significant degree, was replaced by Multicultural London English, a form of speech with significant Cockney influence.
Population
Throughout history, the area has absorbed the wave of immigrants, each adding a new dimension to the culture and history of the area, especially the 17th century French Huguenot Protestant, Irishman in the 18th century, Ashkenazi Jews fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe towards the end of the 19th century, and the Sylheti Bangladeshis community settled in the East End from the 1960s.
Immigration
The immigrant community was first developed in riverside settlements. From the Tudor era until the 20th century, the crew was employed casually. New crews and surrogates will be found wherever they are, local sailors are highly appreciated for their knowledge of the currents and dangers of foreign ports. The crew will pay off at the end of their journey. Inevitably, permanent communities became established, including the Lascars and Africans colonies of Guinea Coast. Large Chinatowns in Shadwell and Limehouse were developed, linked to the merchant crew in the opium and tea trade. It was only after the destruction of the Second World War that the majority Han Chinese community moved to Soho.
In 1786, the Committee for the Aid of the Black Poor was formed by citizens concerned about the poverty of Black in London, many of whom had been expelled from North America as Black Loyalists - former slaves who had fought on the British side in the War of Independence. Others were dismissed by sailors and some of the legacy of British involvement in the slave trade. The committee distributes food, clothing, medical aid and finds jobs for men, from various locations including the White Raven tavern in Mile End. They also help men to go abroad, partly to Canada. In October 1786, the Committee funded a poor expedition of 280 black men, 40 black women and 70 white women (mainly wives and girlfriends) to settle in Sierra Leone. From the late 19th century, a large African mariner community was established in Canning Town as a result of the new shipping network to the Caribbean and West Africa.
Immigrants are not always readily accepted and by 1517 the May Day riots, in which foreign property was attacked, resulted in the death of 135 Flemings in Stepney. The Gordon The riots of 1780 began with the burning of the homes of Catholics and their chapels in Poplar and Spitalfields.
In the 1870s and 80s, so many Jews ÃÆ'  © migrà ©  © who arrived in over 150 synagogues built. Currently there are only four active synagogues left in Tower Hamlets: the Congregation of Jacob Synagogue (1903 - Kehillas Ya'akov), Central London Central Synagogue (1922), Great Synagogue of Fieldgate Street (1899) and Sandys Row Synagogue (1766). Jewish immigration to the East End culminated in the 1890s, which caused anti-foreign agitation by the British Brothers League, was formed in 1902 by Capt. William Stanley Shaw and Conservative MP for Stepney, Major Evans-Gordon, who had canceled the Liberal majority 1900 General Election on a platform that limits immigration. In Parliament in 1902, Evans-Gordon claimed that "not a day has passed but the British families have been cruel, leaving room for foreign invaders, charged with the education of thousands of foreign children." Jewish immigration is only slowed by the passage of Aliens Act 1905, which gives the Prime Secretary the power to regulate and control immigration.
At the beginning of the 20th century, London was the capital of the vast British Empire, containing tens of millions of Muslims, but lacking mosques for Muslim residents or visitors. On November 9, 1910, at a meeting of Muslims and non-Muslims at the Ritz Hotel, the London Masjid Fund was established with the aim of organizing weekly Friday prayers and providing a permanent place of worship for Muslims in London. From 1910 to 1940 various rooms had been hired for Jumu'ah prayers on Friday. Finally, in 1940, three homes were purchased at 446-448 Commercial Street in East End London as a permanent prayer venue. On August 2, 1941 the combined houses were inaugurated as the East London Mosque and the Islamic Cultural Center at a ceremony attended by the Egyptian Ambassador, Colonel Sir Gordon Neal (representing the Secretary of State for India). The first prayer was led by the Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Hafiz Wahba. From the late 1950s the local Muslim population began to increase due to further immigration from the Indian subcontinent, especially from Sylhet in East Pakistan, who became Bangladesh in 1971. The migrants settled in an area already established by the expatriate community Sylheti, who worked in the area local. docks and Jewish tailor shops were established in the days of British India. During the 1970s, this immigration increased significantly. In 1975 local authorities purchased property on Commercial Street under mandatory purchase orders, in exchange for providing sites with temporary buildings on Whitechapel Road. Local people began to raise funds to build a specially built mosque on site. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia donated Ã, Â £ 1.1 million from Ã, Â £ 2 million, and the governments of Kuwait and Britain also donated to the fund. Seven years later, the construction of a new mosque began, with a foundation laid in 1982 and construction completed in 1985. This was one of the first mosques in the EU to broadcast the call to prayer from the tower. Currently, the mosque has a capacity of 7,000, with prayer areas for men and women, and classrooms for additional education. However, in the 1990s its capacity was inadequate for the growing congregation and for the various projects based there.
The tension of society was again raised by the anti-Semitic Fascist march that took place in 1936 and was blocked by residents and activists at the Battle of Cable Street. Since the mid-1970s there has been anti-Asian violence, culminating in the May 4, 1978 killing of a 25-year-old garment worker named Altab Ali by three white teenagers in a racially motivated attack. Bangladeshi groups are mobilized to defend themselves, 7,000 people march to Hyde Park in protest, and society becomes more politically involved. The former church of St. Mary's Whitechapel, near where the attack took place, was named "Altab Ali Park" in 1998 as a memorial of his death. Tensions between races continued with occasional violence and in 1993 there was a winning council seat for the British National Party (since losing). The 1999 bombings on Brick Lane are part of a series targeting ethnic minorities, gays and "multiculturalists".
Exit migration: Cockney diaspora
As London extends eastward, the East Enders often move into opportunities on the outskirts of new cities. The late 19th century witnessed the great movement of people to West Ham and East Ham to serve the newly established dock and industry there.
There was a very significant effort to address the overcrowded housing that began in the early 20th century under the London County Council. In the interwar period, migration occurred to new plantations built to alleviate conditions in the East End, particularly in Becontree and Harold Hill, or outside London.
The Second World War destroyed most of the East End, with docks, trains, and industries setting up continuous targets for bombings, especially during Blitz, which led to the spread of the population to new edges and new housing built in the 1950s. Many East Enders go further than the eastern suburbs, leaving London altogether, especially to the new Essex cities of Basildon and Harlow and a number of cities expanded in south Essex and elsewhere.
Demographics
The population of East End increased inevitably throughout the 19th century. Building houses can not keep up and full density. It was not until the interwar period that there was a decline caused by migration to the new London suburbs such as Becontree plantation, built by the London City Council between 1921 and 1932, and to areas outside London. This depopulation accelerated after the Second World War and has just begun to reverse.
These population figures reflect the area that now forms London Borough Tower Hamlets only:
By comparison, in 1801 the population of England and Wales was 9 million; in 1851 the number has more than doubled to 18 million, and by the end of this century has reached 40 million. Today, Bangladesh forms the largest minority population in Tower Hamlets, which represents 33.5% of the borough population at the 2001 census; the Bangladesh community is the largest community in the UK. The 2006 estimate showed a decline in this group to 29.8% of the population, reflecting a move to better economic conditions and larger homes available in the eastern suburbs. In this case, the latest migrant groups follow the pattern set for more than three centuries.
Crime
The high poverty rate in the East End, throughout history, is associated with high levels of crime. From the earliest days, crime depended, as did labor, on imports of goods to London, and their interception on the way. Theft occurred in the river, on the dock and on the way to the Town warehouse. This is why, in the 17th century, the East India Company built a high-walled dock in Blackwall and kept them to minimize their cargo vulnerabilities. The armed convoy will then bring the goods to the company's secure complex in the City. The practice led to the creation of an increasingly large dock across the area, and large streets to pass through the densely packed 19th-century slums to carry goods from the docks.
There were no police forces operating in London before the 1750s. Crime and chaos are handled by a volunteer judge and volunteer volunteer system, with very limited jurisdiction. The salaried constants were introduced in 1792, although the numbers were few and their strength and jurisdiction continued to be derived from local judges, who in extremists could be supported by the militia. In 1798, the first British Marine Police Force was formed by judge Patrick Colquhoun and Master Mariner, John Harriott, to deal with the theft and looting of ships docked in the Pool of London and downstream. The base is (and remains) on Wapping High Street. Now known as the Marine Support Unit.
In 1829, the Metropolitan Police was formed, with an escort for a 7-mile (11 km) Charing Cross patrol, with 1,000 powers in 17 divisions, including the Stepney-based 'H' division. Each division is controlled by an inspector, beneath which there are four inspectors and sixteen sergeants. The regulations require that recruits should be under thirty-five years old, well built, at least 5-foot-7-inches (1.70 m) tall, educated and of good character.
Unlike former police officers, police are widely recruited and financed by user charges; so they were initially disliked. The force lasted until the mid-19th century to be established in the East End. Unusually, Joseph Sadler Thomas, an inspector of the Metropolitan Police Division 'F' (Covent Garden), appears to have stepped up the first local investigation (in Bethnal Green), in November 1830 from London Burkers. A special Dockyard division of the Metropolitan forces was formed to assume responsibility for a coastal patrol inside a quay in 1841, a detective department formed in 1842, and in 1865, the "J" division was established in Bethnal Green.
One of the East End industries that serves ships moored in the Pool of London is prostitution, and in the 17th century it was centered on Ratcliffe Highway, a long road lying on high ground above the riverside settlement. In 1600, the painting was described by the antiques, John Stow as "a continuous road, or a dirty dirt road, with alleys of small tenements or lodges built, inhabited by sailors and winners." The crew 'paid off' at the end of the long journey, and will spend their income to drink at the local tavern.
One of the madame that was described as the 'big bawel sailor' by Samuel Pepys was Damaris Page. Born in Stepney in about 1610, he moved from prostitution to a brothel, including one on the Highway serving an ordinary sailor and a place nearby that served a more expensive appetite among the officers and nobles. He died wealthy, in 1669, in a house on the Highway, despite charges brought against him and time spent in Newgate Jail.
In the nineteenth century, tolerance had changed, and social reformer William Acton described the whore on the banks of the river as 'a horde of tigresses rotting around a riverside pest tackle on Ratcliffe and Shadwell'. The Society for the Suppression of Vice estimates that between the Houndsditch, Whitechapel and Ratcliffe regions there are 1803 prostitutes; and between Mile End, Shadwell and Blackwall 963 women in trade. They are often the victims of the situation, there is no welfare state and high mortality rates among the population that makes wives and daughters become poor, without other sources of income.
At the same time, religious reformers began introducing 'Seamans Mission' throughout the dock area that seeks to provide for the physical needs of seafarers and keep them away from drinking and women temptations. Finally, part of the 'Diseases Act' in 1864 enabled the police to arrest prostitutes and detain them in the hospital. The act was repealed in 1886, after agitation by early feminists, such as Josephine Butler and Elizabeth Wolstenholme, led to the formation of the National Women's Association for the Removal of Acts of Infectious Diseases.
Noteworthy crimes in this area include the murder of Ratcliff Highway (1813); murders committed by the London Burkers (apparently inspired by Burke and Hare) in Bethnal Green (1831); the notorious serial killings by Jack the Ripper (1888); and the Siege of Sidney Street (1911) (where anarchists, inspired by the legendary Peter the Painter, took up the Minister of Home Affairs Winston Churchill, and the army).
In the 1960s, the East End was the area most closely linked to gangster activity, especially among the twin Kray families. The 1996 Docklands bombardment caused significant damage around South Quay Station, south of the main Canary Wharf development. Two people were killed and 39 wounded in one of Britain's biggest bomb attacks by the Temporary Irish Republican Army. This led to the introduction of police checkpoints that control access to the Isle of Dogs, reminiscent of City's 'steel ring'.
Disaster
Many disasters hit East End residents, both in war and in peace. In particular, as maritime ports, plagues and pestilences have disproportionately fallen on the East End population. The area most afflicted by the Great Plague (1665) was Spitalfields, and a cholera epidemic broke out at Limehouse in 1832 and struck again in 1848 and 1854. Typhus and tuberculosis are also common in the crowded 19th-century tenement houses. The Princess Alice is a crowded passenger boat with day divers that returns from Gravesend to Woolwich and London Bridge. On the night of September 3, 1878, he collided with the Bywell Castle copper vapor (named for Bywell Castle) and sank into the Thames River in less than four minutes. Of about 700 passengers, more than 600 are missing.
During the First World War, the morning of June 13, 1917 was the first daytime air strike on the East End that totally killed 104 people. Sixteen people who died aged 5 and 6 years who sat in their classroom at Upper North Street School, Poplar when the bomb hit. The warning that still stands today in the Poplar Recreation Ground was built by A.R. Adams, a local funeral director at the time. Also, on January 19, 1917, 73 people were killed, including 14 workers, and more than 400 people were injured, in a TNT explosion at the Brunner-Mond ammunition plant in Silvertown. Most of the area was flat, and shock waves felt throughout the city and many of Essex. It was the biggest explosion in London's history, and was heard in Southampton and Norwich. Andreas Angel, chief chemist at the plant, was posthumously awarded the Edward Medal for trying to extinguish the fire that caused the explosion. In the same year, on June 13, a bomb from a German Gotha bomber killed 18 children in their elementary school in Upper North Street, Poplar. The event was commemorated by a local war memorial set up at the Poplar Recreation Ground, but during the war, a total of 120 children and 104 adults were killed in the East End by aerial bombing, and many more were wounded.
Another tragedy occurred on the morning of May 16, 1968 when Ronan Point, a 23-story tower block in Newham, suffered a structural collapse due to a natural gas explosion. Four people were killed in the disaster and seventeen were wounded, as all the corners of the building glided. This collapse led to major changes in UK building codes and led to a further downgrading of the building of high-rise building councils that have characterized the public architecture of the 1960s.
Entertainment
The theaters on the courtyard were first established in the Tudor period, with Boar's Head Inn (1557) at Whitechapel, George at Stepney and a purpose built, but short-lived, John Brayne's Red Lion Theater (1567), nearby. The first permanent theater with the residence company was built in Shoreditch, with Theater James Burbage (1576) and Theater Curtain Henry Lanman (1577) standing close together. On the night of December 28, 1598 Burbage children dismantled the Theater, and moved it piece by piece across the Thames to build the Globe Theater.
The Goodman Fields Theater was founded in 1727, and here David Garrick made his success title but as Richard III, in 1741. In the 19th century, the East End theaters rivaled their greatness. and seating capacity of people from the West End. The first of these eras was the bad Brunswick Theater (1828), which collapsed three days after opening, killing 15 people. This was followed by the opening of the Pavilion Theater, Whitechapel (1828), Garrick (1831) at Leman Street, Effingham (1834) at Whitechapel, Standard (1835) in Shoreditch, City of London (1837) at Norton Folgate, then Grecian Theater and Britannia at Hoxton (1840). Although very popular for a while, from the 1860s onwards, these theaters, one by one, began to close, the buildings were destroyed and their memory began to fade.
There are also many Yiddish theaters, especially around Whitechapel. It evolved into a professional company, upon the arrival of Jacob Adler in 1884 and the establishment of the first Jewish Operational Jewish Company in Beaumont Hall, Stepney, and later found fine homes in Prescott Street Club, Stepney, and at Princelet Road at Spitalfields. The Pavilion became an exclusive Yiddish theater in 1906, finally closed in 1936 and destroyed in 1960. Other important Jewish theaters were the Feinmans, The Jewish National Theater and the Grand Palais. The show is in Yiddish, and is dominated by melodrama. This is declining, as spectators and actors go to New York and the more affluent parts of London.
The formerly popular music houses in the East End are mostly the same fate as the theater. Prominent examples include the London Music Hall (1856-1935), 95-99 Shoreditch High Street, and Royal Cambridge Music Hall (1864-1936), 136 Commercial Street. An example of a 'giant pub hall', the Wilton Music Hall (1858), remains at Grace's Alley, near Cable Street and Hoxton Hall's early 'sedan' (1863) survives in Hoxton Street, Hoxton. Many popular music stars come from the East End, including Marie Lloyd.
The musical traditions of live entertainment remain alive in East End public houses, with music and singing. This is complemented by less honorable entertainment such as the striptease, which since the 1950s has been a fixture of certain East End pubs, especially in the Shoreditch area, despite being a target of restraint by local authorities.
Novelist and social commentator Walter Besant proposed the 'Palace of Delight' with concert halls, reading rooms, picture galleries, art schools and various classes, social spaces and frequent dances and dances. This coincided with a project by philanthropist entrepreneur Edmund Hay Currie to use the money from the closing of 'Beaumont Trust', along with a subscription to build a 'People's Palace' in the East End. Five acres of land were secured on Mile End Road, and Queen's Hall was opened by Queen Victoria on May 14, 1887. The complex is equipped with a library, swimming pool, gym and winter garden, by 1892, giving an eclectic mix of entertainment and popular education. The peak of 8,000 'tickets' was sold to the classroom in 1892, and in 1900, a Bachelor of Science degree awarded by the University of London was introduced. In 1931, the building was destroyed by fire, but the Draper Company, a large donor for the original scheme, invested more to rebuild the engineering college and create the Queen Mary College in December 1934. A new 'People's Palace' was built, 1937, by the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, at St Helen Terrace. This finally closed in 1954.
The professional theater returned briefly to the East End in 1972, with the establishment of the Half Moon Theater in a former charity house in Aldgate. In 1979, they moved to the former Methodist chapel, near Stepney Green and built a new theater on the site, opened in May 1985, with the production of Sweeney Todd . The theater enjoyed success, with premiÃÆ'¨res by Dario Fo, Edward Bond and Steven Berkoff, but in the mid-1980s, the theater suffered a financial crisis and closed down. After years of unused use, it has been converted into a public house. The theater spawned two more art projects: the Half Moon Photography Workshop, exhibited in theaters and locally, and from the 1976 Camerwork publication, and the 'Half Moon Young People's Theater' , who remain active in Tower Hamlets.
The football team followed by many East Ends is West Ham United, founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks. Kl
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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