Chattanooga, Tennessee

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Chattanooga is a city in the state of Tennessee, USA, with a population of 177,571 in 2016. The fourth largest city of Tennessee, it is the center of Hamilton County. Located in southeastern Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by several Interstate railways and highways, Chattanooga is a transit center. Chattanooga lies 120 miles (190 km) northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, 120 miles (190 km) southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, 135 miles (217 km) southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, 120 miles (190 km) northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and 148 miles (238Ã, km) northeast of Birmingham, Alabama.

The city, with a city center altitude of 680 feet (210 m), lies in the transition between the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and mountains, the official nickname for Chattanooga is the Beautiful City, reinforced by the city's reputation for outdoor activities. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, and Gig City, referring to Chattanooga's claim that it has the fastest Internet service in the Western Hemisphere.

Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 "Chattanooga Choo Choo" song by Glenn Miller and his orchestra.

Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College.

The city has its own type, Chatype , which was launched in August 2012. According to the Nooga.com website, this marks the first time a city in America has a homemade typeface and also the first time typography created by people much of the people funded has been used for any municipality in the world.

Video Chattanooga, Tennessee

Histori

The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga region are Native Americans. Sites dating back to the upper Paleolithic period indicate continuous occupation through Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi (900-1714 ce), and Cherokee (1776-1838). The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga River is the oldest visible art that still exists in Chattanooga.

The town of Citico and the mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga until 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" comes from the word Muskogean cvto /ch? T?/- ' stone'. The latter may come from a regional suffix -no which means residence or residence.

The earliest Cherokee occupation came from Dragging Canoe, which in 1776 broke away and moved downstream of the main tribe to build Native American resistance during the Cherokee-American war) to European settlements in the southeastern United States. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Headmaster, founded Ross Landings. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the Cherokee Nation's settlement centers, which also expanded to Georgia and Alabama.

In 1838, the US government forced the Cherokee family, along with other Native Americans from the southeastern US state, to move to an area designated as the Indian Territory, in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey to the west is known as the "Teardrop" for exile and their loss of life along the way. The US Army uses Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "depots of emigration", where Native Americans are held before a journey in the Teardrop. One of the internment camps is located in Fort Payne, Alabama and the largest is in Fort Cass, Tennessee.

In 1839, Ross's Landing community was incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew rapidly, initially benefitting from suitable locations for river trade. With the arrival of trains in 1850, Chattanooga became a booming city. The city is known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the southern Appalachia mountain community to the north and the southern cotton developing countries.

During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was the center of battle. During the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. After the Battle of Chickamauga, the losing Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On 23 November 1863, the Battle for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by future United States President and Major General Ulysses S. Grant strengthened troops in Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against the Confederate forces that besieged the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was held, pushing Confederate members from the mountain. On November 25, Grant's forces defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Missionary Ridge. The battle was followed the following spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just above the country's closest line in Georgia and moving southeast. After the war ended, the city became the center of the main railway and industrial and manufacturing center.

The greatest flood in Chattanooga's history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was formed in 1933 by Congress. The flood reached 58 feet (18 m) and completely flooded the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the floods would reach 52.4 feet (16.0 m). Chattanooga is a top priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a key operating priority in the 21st century.

In December 1906, Chattanooga was on national headlines because the United States Supreme Court, in the only criminal trial in its history, decided that Sheriff Hamilton County's Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson's civil rights when the Shipp allowed the mob to enter Hamilton County Jail and Johnson lynch on the Walnut Street Bridge at United States v. Shipp . Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917, as the nearest training camp in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. The effects of the 1918 Influenza in Chattanooga included having a cinema and the pool room was closed. In the 1930s Chattanooga was known as "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller swing song "Chattanooga Choo Choo". The late 1950s saw the creation of the Interstate Toll Road System with President Dwight D. Eisenhower signing law into law in June 1956. Due to the efforts of Major P.R. Olgiati, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have an interstate system completed in the early 1960s. In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF transmitters: WTVM (now WTVC-TV) channel 9 (ABC), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV) channel 3 (NBC), and WDEF- TV channel 12 (CBS).

The same mountains that provide a beautiful Chattanooga background also serve to trap industrial pollution that causes them to settle in society, so in 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the country. But the environmental crisis is not the only problem that plagues the city. Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1980s with serious socio-economic challenges, including job cuts due to deindustrialization, deteriorating urban infrastructure, racial tensions, and social divisions. The Chattanooga population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s. However, Chattanooga is the only major city in the US that lost the proportion of its population in the 1980s and then regained the same proportion in the next two decades.

At the end of the 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and government resources have been invested in transforming the image of a tarnished city. They have been working to revitalize downtown and the riverfront, utilizing its natural resources. The beginning of the project is a recovery that lasted several years, from mid to late 1980s to 1993, from the historic Walnut Street Bridge. An excellent specimen of the Camelback tranel bridge, is the oldest surviving bridge in Southeast America, built in 1891.

Efforts to improve the city include "21st Century Waterfront Plan" - a $ 120 million redevelopment of downtown Chattanooga and downtown areas, completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has been a major attraction on the waterfront which has helped to spur environmental development. Chattanooga has garnered many awards for his image transformation. The city has won three national awards for its extraordinary "live worth", and the nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and joint planning. In addition to winning numerous national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national spotlight many times. Chattanooga is the profile city of August 2007 edition of US Airways Magazine . In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first US car plant in more than three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga assembly plant. In December 2009, Chattanooga ranks eighth of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in America for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine, which measures overall affordability, housing levels, and more. Chattanooga launched the first gigabit Internet service in the United States in September 2010, which is provided through an EPB utility owned by the city.

In August 2012, Chattanooga has its own typography, called Chatype , which marks the first time a municipality has its own typography in the United States and the first world-made typeface, funded by many.

On July 16, 2015, shootings occurred at two US military facilities in Chattanooga. Six people - four US Marines, one sailor, and gunman - were killed and two wounded.

Maps Chattanooga, Tennessee

Economy

The Chattanooga economy covers a diverse mix of manufacturing and service industries.

Chattanooga's renowned businesses include Access America Transport, BlueCross BlueShield from Tennessee, CBL & amp; Associates, The Chattanooga Bakery, Chattem, Coca-Cola's world's first bottler, Coker Tire, AS Xpress Inc., Covenant Transport, Double Cola, CraftWorks Restaurants & amp; Brewers, Luken Communications, Miller & amp; Martin, National Model Railroad Association, Reliance Partners, Republic Parking System, Rock/Creek, Tricycle Inc., and Unum. The city also hosts the large Cigna branch office, AT & amp; T, T-Mobile USA, and UBS. McKee Foods Corporation, the nationally known Little Debbie snack maker, is a privately run, family-run company headquartered in Collegedale, Tennessee.

The leading companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city include Alstom, Amazon.com, BASF, DuPont, Invista, Komatsu, Rock-Tenn, Plantronics, Domtar, Norfolk Southern, Ferrara Candy Company (Alum Chemical, Colonial Pipeline, and Buzzi Unicem. The William Wrigley Jr. Company has a prominent presence in Chattanooga, the only Altoids mint breath product production site since 2005. There is also a Vulcan Materials mine around town.

In May 2011, Volkswagen Group of America inaugurated the Chattanooga Assembly Plant. The $ 1 billion factory, opened in May 2011, serves as the Group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which currently employs about 2,700 people and will increase 2,000 more in the next few years and produce Passat (since April 2011) and Atlas (from late 2016), will have the first in the full Southern research and development center in the city center Chattanooga, employs about 200 engineers. This factory was the first in the United States for Volkswagen since the closure of 1988 from the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania.

In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail stores in Chattanooga, including two shopping centers: Hamilton Place Mall at East Brainerd and Northgate Mall in Hixson. Eastgate Mall in Brainerd was once a shopping center, but has turned into a multi-purpose office building. The P.F. Chang's restaurant at Hamilton Place Mall has a unique theme since the restaurant opened in November 2006: water, based on the Tennessee River's fundamental role playing in Chattanooga and the fact that CEO P.F. Chang since 2000, Richard Federico, is a 1976 alumni from the University of Tennessee and has family in Chattanooga. In December 2001, Chattanooga was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States.

Tourism and Hospitality has become part of the Chattanooga economy, with 2014 becoming the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $ 1 billion in revenue.

Startups have become an increasing trend, in part due to the EPB fiber optic network. The leading venture companies based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, and The Jump Fund. The city is served by several incubators, especially Co.Lab, Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is one of the nation's largest incubators, both in size and in the number of startups it supports. Shared workspaces have been taken downtown, including the Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. The unique in this city is the Gigtank startup accelerator, which utilizes the city's gigabit capacity and focuses on 3D printing technology, health care, and smartgrid. Top startups include Quickcue (acquired by OpenTable in 2013), Reliance Partners, PriceWaiters, Bellhops Moving Help, Variable Inc. (NODE), Ambition, Feetz, and TransCard. Chattanooga changed from zero capital invested in 2009 to more than $ 50 million by 2014.

Utilities

Electric power for most of the city and the surrounding area is provided by the Municipal Power Board (EPB) run by the city. EPB also provides high-speed Internet, TV and phone services for business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts of Bledsoe County, Bradley County, Catoosa County, Dade County, Marion County, Rhea County, Sequatchie County and Walker County the city's largest fiber optic system. TVA operates nearby Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant, Chickamauga Dam, and Raccoon Mountain Used Storage Plant, all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. The power plant and distribution company of TVA is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga.

Natural gas and water are provided by the privately owned Chattanooga Gas Company and the Tennessee-American Water Company, respectively. In 2005, Mayor Ron Littlefield expressed his desire to buy the Tennessee-American Air Company, which was sold in a public offering in 2007. The efforts of former Mayor Jon Kinsey to have control of the city's purchase of Tennessee-American Water were defeated in court.

Beginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, when Haletown, Tennessee received service from the EPB fiber optic network, EPB began to build its exclusive fiber-optic network into an area of ​​600 m² (1,600 km ² ) service, covering the Area Greater Metropolitan Chattanooga stats. In September 2010, EPB became the first government-owned utility company in the United States to offer direct access to the public at speeds up to one gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second using its fiber-optic network. This network has been replicated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the US and even internationally. Jay Weatherill, South Australia Premier, visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and "sees the current gigabit network that supports important urban safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure, equipment and applications, and inspects wastewater management, rainwater management, traffic. control and medical diagnostic applications [and] first-hand operations of intelligent lighting and camera systems that enable police to control public lighting and see what's happening in the area of ​​serious crimes. [The article says] the use of broadband to carry video and control signaling has contributed making Chattanooga Coolidge Park a safer place to visit. "

In 2011 the expansion of the EPB network became the subject of major controversy in Tennessee. The success of its network, credited with the expansion of the Chattanooga Volkswagen plant and the establishment of Amazon.com facilities in Chattanooga and Cleveland, led to a number of legal challenges by AT & T and Comcast insist that public funds will not be used to finance the expansion of the public network in competition with private ones. However, according to the EPB itself, federal agencies, sources of electricity industry trade, and other press sources, investments in fiber optic networks are fully justified by the benefits of electrical systems alone, including early detection and decreased standby power.

Banking

In 2014, there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area, lending to the financial strength. Among the heavy hitters are Tennessee First regional banks, SunTrust Banks, and Financial Corporation Territories, but this area also has offices from UBS, Chase, and Bank of America. As part of its strength and economic growth, Chase recently moved his headquarters in East Tennessee from Knoxville to Chattanooga.

In the first four months of 2015, Chattanooga became a very hot market for bank mergers with the merger of 3 locally owned banks, and 1 in nearby Cleveland, Tennessee. CapitalMark, formed in 2007, will be acquired by Nashville-based Pinnacle Financial Partners for $ 187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area. First Security Group, Inc., the largest bank in Chattanooga, formed in 2000, will be acquired by Atlantic Capital Bancshares, Inc., based in Atlanta, for $ 160 million. Cornerstone, started in 1985, will join Knoxville-based SmartBank in a stock deal. Cleveland's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank in Dyersburg, Tennessee, for $ 32.2 million. All these mergers only leave one independent bank based in Chattanooga, First Volunteer Bank. Others in this area are locally based including Ringgold, Georgia Northwest Bank based in Georgia, Dunlap, Tennessee-based Tri-County Bank Citizen, Community Trust and Banking Co. based in Ooltewah, the National Community Bank based in Dayton, Tennessee, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Central Bank based, LaFayette, Bank of LaFayette based in Georgia, and Cleveland of Bank of Cleveland.

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Politics, government, and law

The current mayor is Andy Berke, a former state senator, who won the election in March 2013.

The city operates under a charter granted by the state legislature in 1852; the charter has been changed. The city operates under a strong mayor system, which changes from a government commission to a large-voted member. In 1989, US District Judge R. Allan Edgar ruled that the commission-style government violated the 1965 Select Rules Act by polluting minority minorities. As a result of Brown v. Board of Commissioners, Chattanooga left a large voting system that had been used for the form of government commissions, set up single-member districts to represent the majority and minority elements of the population, eliminated voting rights for non-resident property owners, and created a form of mayoral- the current city council. The current strong mayor system began in 1991 after elections throughout the 1990 city using the district system.

The city's legislative branch is represented by members of nine districts, elected from single-member districts in partisan elections. Current board members are Chip Henderson (District 1), Jerry Mitchell (District 2), Ken Smith (District 3), Larry Grohn (District 4), Russell Gilbert (District 5), Carol Berz (District 6), Chris Anderson ( District 7), Anthony Byrd (District 8), and Yusuf Hakeem (District 9).

The Chattanooga Delegates to the Tennessee Representative Council include Gerald McCormick (R), representing District 26, Richard Floyd (R), representing District 27, JoAnne Favors (D), representing District 28, Mike Carter (R), representing District 29 , Vince Dean (R), representing District 30, and Jim Cobb (R), representing District 31. In Tennessee Senate, Chattanooga is divided between Districts 10 and 11 with Todd Gardenhire (R) and Bo Watson (R) -masing districts.

Chattanooga is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Chuck Fleischmann (R), representing the 3rd District. In the United States Senate, both Bob Corker (R) and Lamar Alexander (R) have district offices in Chattanooga.

Chattanooga, as county county of Hamilton County, is home to the Chattanooga Municipal Court and Hamilton County Court.

Chattanooga is the location of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Eastern Tennessee, located at the Federal Court Building Joel W. Solomon. The Southern Division has jurisdiction over the territory of Bledsoe, Bradley, Hamilton, Marion, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Rhea, and Sequatchie.

The Chattanooga Police Department dates from 1852. Beginning in 1883, he hired black police, making Chattanooga one of the first major cities in the South to own it. But after the state legislature imposed separation, black police were dropped from the force. They were re-employed permanently on August 11, 1948, years before other major cities in the Southeast, such as Birmingham, Alabama and Jackson, Mississippi, integrated their police department. The first seven black officers in 1948, Thaddeus Arnold, Singer Askins, W.B. Baulridge, C.E. Black, Morris Glenn, Arthur Heard, and Thomas Patterson, were initially confined to beats running in black environments. In 1960, black police officers were authorized to patrol in all environments and arrest white citizens.

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Education

Primary and secondary education

Most of Chattanooga's basic and secondary education is funded by the government. The public schools in Chattanooga, as well as Hamilton County, have fallen under the scope of the Hamilton County School since the 1997 merger of the Chattanooga City school system and the largely rural Hamilton County school system. The Howard School, the first public school in the area, was founded in 1865 after the Civil War. Tyner High School (now Tyner Academy), is a junior high school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907. It is now home to Tyner Middle Academy. The Chattanooga School for Arts and Sciences, the STEM School Of Chattanooga and the Chattanooga High School Center for Creative Arts are additional public magnet schools.

The city is home to some of the most famous private high schools and parishes, including Baylor School, Boyd-Buchanan School, Chattanooga Christian School, Girls' Preparation School, McCallie School, and Notre Dame High School. The Siskin Children's Institute in Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhood education.

Higher education

A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and beyond. The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga is the second largest campus at the University of Tennessee System, with a student population of over 11,669 in the school year 2015-16. Chattanooga State Community College is a two-year community college with a total enrollment of approximately 11,000 students. Tennessee Temple University is a Baptist university located in Highland Park that is no longer in operation by 2015. Chattanooga is also home to the University of Tennessee University Medical branch, which provides medical education for the third and fourth years. students, residents, and other medical professionals in southeastern Tennessee through affiliation with the Erlanger Health System. Covenant College, a private liberal arts college operated by the Presbyterian Church in America, is located on the outskirts of Lookout Mountain, Georgia, and has a student population of about 1,000. Southern Adventist University is located in the suburb of Collegedale, Tennessee, and enrolls about 3,000 students. The College of Business and Health Virginia College offers programs leading to diplomas, associate degrees and undergraduate degrees.

Public library

The Chattanooga Public Library was opened in 1905. Since 1976, the Hamilton Bicentennial Chattanooga-Hamilton Library system has been operated jointly by city and county governments; because Chattanooga ended the 1966 deal with Hamilton County to distribute the sales tax revenue evenly, the city has taken over full funding responsibilities in 2011. The city was given the Carnegie library in 1904, and a specially constructed two-story marble structure survived. to this day on Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as a commercial office space. In 1939, the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared a new building with John Storrs Fletcher Library from Chattanooga University. The building is now called Fletcher Hall and class houses and offices for the university. In 1976, the city library moved to a third location and is now on the corner of the Tenth and Broad Street.

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Health care

Chattanooga has three hospital systems: Erlanger Health System, Parkridge Hospital System, and Memorial Hospital System.

Founded in 1889, Erlanger is the seventh largest healthcare system in the United States with over half a million patient visits a year. Erlanger Hospital is a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with the University of Tennessee College of Medicine. Erlanger is also a major trauma center in the area, the First-Rate Trauma Center for adults, and the only provider of tertiary care for people in southeastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, northeastern Alabama, and western North Carolina. In 2008, Erlanger was named one of the "top 100 upper level hospitals for cardiovascular care" by Thomson Reuters. Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976.

Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and run by Tri-Star Healthcare. Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center near East Ridge.

Memorial Hospital, operated by Denver-based Health Initiatives, is located downtown. In 2004, Memorial was named one of the "Top 100 Top Teaching Hospitals" by Thomson Reuters.

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Culture and tourism

Museum

As the birthplace of tow trucks, Chattanooga is home to the International Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum. Another transportation icon, passenger train, can be found at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, called TVRM by the locals, which is the largest historic railroad operating in the South. Chattanooga is home to the Hunter Museum of American Art. Other notable museums include the Chattanooga Historical Center, the National Medal of Honor Museum, the Houston Museum, the Chattanooga African American Museum and the Creative Discovery Museum.

Art and literature

Chattanooga has a variety of performing arts in various places. The historic Tivoli Theater of Chattanooga, dating from 1921 and one of the first public air-conditioned buildings in the United States, is home to the Chattanooga Symphony and Opera (CSO), which became the first symphonic and operational joint company in the United States in 1985. under Kayoko Dan's wand. The Chattanooga Theater Center offers 15 productions annually in three separate theater programs: Mainstage, the Circle Theater, and the Youth Theater. Another popular venue is the Auditorium Memorial.

Chattanooga hosts several writing conferences, including the Southern Literary Conference and Festival Writers, both sponsored by Art & amp; Chattanooga Educational Council.

Attractions

Chattanooga offers many attractions, including Tennessee Aquarium, caves, and new waterfront attractions along and across the Tennessee River. In the city center is Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel, housed in the renovated Terminal Station. The city center is also the Creative Discovery Museum, a children's museum devoted to science, art and music; IMAX 3D Theater, and the newly expanded Hunter Museum of American Art. The Tennessee Riverwalk, a 13 mile (21 km) trajectory running along the river, is another attraction for tourists and residents alike.

Across the river from the city center is the North Shore district, which is bordered by the Olgiati Bridge to the west and the Veterans' Bridge to the east. The newly renovated area attracts locals and tourists to independent boutique shops and local restaurants, plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system, including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park.

The Chattanooga Zoo in Warner Park is located not far from downtown.

Parks and scenic areas provide other attractions. The red and black painted "View Rock City" painting along the highway in the Southeast is the remnants of the now-classic Americana tourism campaign to attract visitors to Rock City attractions near Lookout Mountain, Georgia. This mountain is also the location of Waterfall Ruby and House Craven. The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a fun-driven railway ride from St. John's Historic District. Elmo to the top of the mountain, where passengers can visit Point Park National Park and Battle for the Chattanooga Museum. Formerly known as Confederama, the museum includes a diorama detailing the Chattanooga Battle. From the military park, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Moccasin Bend and the Chattanooga skyline from the famous "point" of the mountain or from strategic points along well-marked road systems.

Heritage Park is a park located in East Brainerd. The Heritage Park has a bocce ball field, a playground complete with swings, and walkways. The park also has a rope dog park operated by Friends of East Brainerd, Chattanooga Park City and the Recreation Department, the McKamey Animal Center and the Good Dog Help Academy.

Nearby Chattanooga, Raccoon Mountain Reservoir, Raccoon Mountain Caverns, and Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden boast a number of exciting outdoors and family opportunities. Other arboretum include Bonny Oaks Arboretum, Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres, and Cherokee Trail Arboretum. The Ocoee River, host to a number of events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, featured rafting, kayaking, camping and hiking. Just outside Chattanooga is Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park. The Cumberland Trail begins at Signal Mountain, just outside Chattanooga.

Festivals and events

Chattanooga hosts the famous Riverbend Festival, the nine-day annual music festival held in June in the city center. One of the most popular shows is "Bessie Smith Strut", a one-night blues and jazz music show named after the city's most famous city singer. The annual "Brewer South" festival and "River Roast" festival celebrate traditional Southern staples such as beer and barbecue.

New events, such as GoFest !, Wakeboarding Competitions "Between Bridges", Heritage Festival, and Talespin, complement established events, such as Riverbend and Southern Brewer Festival, and attract their own viewers. Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of films sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art, Arts & amp; Board of Education, and UTC.

"Nightfall" is a free weekly concert series at Miller Plaza on Friday night featuring an eclectic mix of rock, blues, jazz, reggae, zydeco, funk, bluegrass and folk music from Memorial Day until the end of September. The Chattanooga market features year-round events as part of "Sunday at the Southside", including Oktoberfest in mid-October.

The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival, held every June, features workshops for mountain dulcimers, hammered dulcimers, and automatic harps, among others, along with performances by champions from across the country.

Chattanooga is also the center of many bluegrass music. In 1935, as well as from 1993 to 1995, the city hosted a National Folk Festival. Since 2007, the 3rd annual Sisters Festival features traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists, and has been named one of the country's top 5 bluegrass festivals by the Great American Country.

Every January, Chattanooga hosts Chattacon, a science fiction and fantasy literature convention. The Convention is hosted by the non-profit, nonprofit Chattanooga Fatorative Inc, Inc. First held in 1976, the convention attracted about 1,000 attendees to Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012, as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees by 2013.

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Sports

Chattanooga has a large, growing, and diverse sporting scene for cities of its size, including college sports, minor baseball leagues, semi-professional teams, professional cycling exemplified by Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & amp; Time Trial National Championships, the Ironman Triathlon, and a nationally renowned big-screen race in the first weekend of November.

Organized sports

Chattanooga is home to the NCAA Division I Football Championship, held at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga, from 1997 to 2009.

The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) Mocs competes in the NCAA I and Southern Conference Divisions. UTC's athletic programs include football at FCS, women's football, volleyball and cross-country levels in the fall; Male and female basketball, Wrestling, and indoor & amp; field in winter; and softball and outdoor & amp; field in the spring. Men's and women's golf and tennis men's and women's games in autumn and spring.

The Chattanooga Lookouts, the Class AA Southern League baseball team affiliated with Minnesota Twins, boasts loyal followers and honorable participation in the final playoff round of the season. Game becomes the center of attention in downtown AT & amp; T Field with tickets starting at $ 5.

Chattanooga is home to some semi-professional football teams, including Tennessee Crush and Chattanooga Steam. The Tennessee Crush plays the game at Finley Stadium in downtown Chattanooga. Steam Chattanooga plays at Lookout Valley High School near Lookout Mountain.

The city's semi-professional football team, Chattanooga FC, plays in the Premier League Football League and has led the league in attendance three of its four-year existence. Chattanooga FC has also gone into the national finals three times since its inception, and pulled the record of 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title game. The club has also found success in the US Open Cup beating the professional Marshallshield Wilmington to reach the third round of the tournament in 2014 and 2015.

Chattanooga is also home to some rugby teams: Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, Nooga Red, Nooga Black, Men's Old Men, women's rugby teams, men's and women's teams at UTC, and all the city's high school teams. The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, founded in 1978 and the DII Mid South 2011 and 2013 champions, is affiliated with USA Rugby and USA Rugby South. The club has two teams, Nooga Red, who compete in Division II, and Nooga Black, who compete in the Third Division. There are also Old Boys men's teams, Chattanooga women's rugby teams, as well as college male and female teams representing Mocs at the University of Tennessee in Chattanooga. A city high school rugby team, Wolfpack , was established in 2012 and is open to every high school player living in the Chattanooga area. All seven teams play their home games at Montague Park.

Outdoor sports

Rowing

The regatta head rowing Hooch took place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November. The head race initially took place on the Chattahoochee River in Atlanta before moving to Chattanooga in 2005, hence the name of . With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats by 2012, the competition ranks 2nd largest in the United States, with many college and youth teams, such as UNC Men's Crew, Vanderbilt Rowing Club, James Madison University Crew, University of Tennessee Women's Rowing, Orlando Rowing Club, Nashville Rowing Club, Newport Rowing Club, and Chattanooga Rowing, compete. There are also some local rowing clubs, such as Lookout Rowing Club for adults and Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students. Hooch Head's weekend also saw hot air balloon rides and other activities.

Bicycling

In 2013, Volkswagen USA Cycling Professional Road & amp; The National Time Trial Championship was held in Chattanooga. The schedule for the 3-day event on May 25-27 features tracks of time for handcycling and various other cycling and road race trials, including a men's race run that takes cyclists across the heart of downtown Chattanooga and climbs Mount Observation for a total racing distance of 102 , 5 miles (165.0 km). Professional American cyclist Freddie Rodriguez won the national race championship for the fourth time in his career. The Championship debut in Chattanooga marks the first time in the 29-year history of events that women are allowed to compete for a professional national title. Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015.

Run

Due to its location at the intersection of the Cumberland Plateau and southern Appalachia, Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports, such as hunting, fishing, jogging, running tracks, adventure racing, rock climbing, mountain biking and cycling on the road. The internationally renowned StumpJump 50k has been held near Signal Mountain since 2002.

Triathlon

In August 2013, further strengthening Chattanooga's growing status as a nationally recognized refuge, the Chattanooga Sports Committee, an organization founded in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events, announces that the Ironman Triathlon will come to the city in 5 - year deal. The city is one of only 11 cities in the United States to host an exhausting competition that showcases the natural beauty of Chattanooga, which consists of a 2.4 mile (3.9 km) swimming pool, 112 miles (180 km) cycling race down into two 56-mile (90 km) loops), and run 26.2 miles (42.2 km) (which is broken into two 13.1 miles (21.1 km) loops). The event has a $ 40,000 prize and a chance to qualify for the Ironman World Championships in Hawaii. On November 4, 2014 it was announced that Chattanooga will host the Ironmen 70.3 event, also known as Half Ironman, in addition to the standard Ironman Triathlon. The event consists of swimming 1.2 miles (1.9 km), 56 miles (90 km) cycling, and running 13.1 miles (21.1 km), and has a gift pot of $ 30,000. On September 29, 2015, the Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga, Tennessee to host the Ironman's 7034 World Championship.

Awards

Chattanooga has been a member of the American Army Bronze League since October 2003, the only city in Tennessee that became a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012 respectively. The city boasts a number of outdoor clubs: Scenic City Velo, SORBA-Chattanooga, Wilderness Trail Running Association, and Chattanooga Track Club. The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga, an organization focused on outdoor recreational promotions. In September 2004, the city appointed the first Chattanooga Outdoor executive director to carry out organizational missions, which included promoting cycling for transportation, recreation, and active life. For rowers, Chattanooga offers Tennessee River Blueway, a 50-mile-long recreation area of ​​the Tennessee River that runs through Chattanooga and Tennessee River Gorge. The Tennessee Aquarium has a high-speed catamaran, River Gorge Explorer , to allow up to 70 people to explore the Gorge River Valley. The Explorer departs from Chattanooga Pier. Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship, the culmination of the world's largest series of dog disc competition.

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Demographics

At the 2010 census, there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families living in the city. Population density is 1,222.5 people per square mile (472.5/km ²). There are 79,607 units of homes with an average density of 588.8 per square mile (226.0/km ²). City's racial makeup is 58.0% White, 34.9% Black, 2.0% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Island, 2.8% of other races, and 1.9% two or more races. People of Hispanic or Latin origin (regardless of race) comprise 5.5% of the total population. Non-Hispanic whites were 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980. There were 70,749 households where 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a household woman without a husband, and 42% were not family. 33.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 26% have someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94.

In cities, the population is spread by 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% more. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population is male and 53.9% of the population is female.

The average income for households in the city is $ 35,817, and the average income for families is $ 43,314. Men have an average income of $ 36,109 compared to $ 31,077 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 23,756. Approximately 14% of families and 16.5% of the population are below the poverty line, including 27% of those under the age of 18 and 13.8% of those aged 65 and older.

The Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area, which covers Hamilton, Marion, and Sequatchie areas in Tennessee and Catoosa, Dade, and Walker region in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, since the 2000 census, to 529,222, at the 2010 census, an 11% increase over year 2000s.

Religion

The largest single religious group in Chattanooga is Christianity. According to the 2010 statistics, the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members attended by United Methodist Church with 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third largest denominations are the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville has 12 congregations and 14,300 members. The second largest religion is Islam, with 2,200 adherents.

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Geography

According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​144.6 square miles (374.4 km ² ), where 137.1 square miles (355.2 km ² ) is land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km ² ), or 5.12%, is water. In terms of land area, Chattanooga ranks 68th, which is between Las Vegas, Nevada, and Philadelphia. The area of ​​Chattanooga makes this city bigger than other big cities, such as Baltimore, Maryland, Atlanta, Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Salt Lake City.

The most notable natural feature in and around Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding mountains. It is located between the southwestern Appalachian Ridge-and-valley and the foot of Walden Ridge; the river separates the ridge from the west side of the city center. A few miles east, the city was cleaved by Missionary Ridge, which was a major battleground in the Civil War.

The Tennessee River was confiscated by the TVA Chickamauga Dam north of the city center. Five car bridges, one railway bridge, and one pedestrian bridge, all described below, across the river.

Ground transportation is facilitated by Interstate 75 to Atlanta and Knoxville, Interstate 24 to Nashville, and Interstate 59 to Birmingham. Chattanooga and parts of Southeast Tennessee and North Georgia are served by the Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport. CSX transports shipping trains to Atlanta and Nashville, and Norfolk Southern delivers freight trains to Atlanta, Birmingham, Cincinnati, Knoxville, and Memphis.

Nearby Areas

In addition to the downtown restoration, many Chattanooga neighborhoods have experienced their own rebirth. Chattanooga has many buildings in the National Register of Historic Places and three neighborhoods: Ferger Place, Fort Wood, and St. Elmo. In addition, Chattanooga has ten local historic districts: Fort Wood, Ferger Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, Market and Main Street, Market Street Warehouse, M.L. King Boulevard, St. Elmo, Stone Fort Land Company, and Stringer's Ridge.

Essential suburbs

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Climate

Chattanooga, like most of Tennessee, has a four-season moist subtropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ). Winter days are usually mild but most of the year have at least one day (average 3.2) where the height remains at or below freezing. Snow is not common, and many years may not accept anything; the seasonal median of the 1971-2000 winter season was 0.6 inches (1.5 cm). However, 11 inches (28 cm) is recorded between 9-10 January 2011. Summer is hot and humid, with an average daily July 80.0 ° F (26.7 ° C) and 52 days per year with 90 Â ° F (32 Ã, Â ° C) or greater temperature.

The average annual rainfall is more than 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November to March is a relatively wet period, due to the frequent placement of Chattanooga (in winter) in the zone of conflict between the warm and humid air of the Gulf of Mexico and the cold and dry air of Canada, reinforced by energy-flow jets and Gulf moisture is abundant. July presents the maximum secondary rainfall, due to the frequent rainstorm activity. Although the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga can and have been threatened by tornadoes. These tornadoes include the Super Plague 2011, which affects cities and nearby locations, including Apison and Cherokee Valley just near the state border in Catoosa County, where fifteen people were killed, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley.

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Transportation

Considered a gateway to the Deep South, along with the Midwest and Northeast for motorcyclists from countries such as Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, Chattanooga's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into a complicated interstate system, roads, tunnels, railways, bridges , and commercial airports.

Main highway

• I-24
• I-59
• I-75
• US $ 27 (unsigned I-124 )
• SRÃ, 58
• SRÃ, 153

Main surface route

• SR 317 (Bonny Oaks Drive)
• USÃ, 11 (Lee Highway)/ US $ 64 (Brainerd Street)
• Broad Street
• US $ 41 / US $ 72 (Cummings Highway)
• US $ 27 (Dayton Boulevard)
• East Brainerd Road
• Georgia Avenue
• The Gunbarrel Road
• Hickory Valley Road
• Hixson Pike
• US $ 76 (Main Street)
• McCallie Avenue
• Ringgold Street
• US $ 27 (Rossville Boulevard)
• Shallowford Street
• USÃ, 127 (Signal Mountain Boulevard)

Tunnels

• Bachman Tubes, (also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels), who took Ringgold Road to neighboring East Ridge.
• Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels), which brings McCallie and Bailey Avenues through Missionary Ridge where the route continues as Brainerd Road.
• Strander's Ridge Tunnel, which brings Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard.
• Wilcox Tunnel, which brings Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.

Public transit

The city is served by a publicly-run bus company, the Chattanooga Regional Transport Authority (CARTA). CARTA operates 17 routes, including a free shuttle service in the city center, and free wireless Internet on certain "smartbuses".

Bicycle-sharing system

The city has its own bicycle transport system (Bike Chattanooga) with 300 motorcycles and 33 docking stations, all supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions, a Canadian company.

Railway line

Although Chattanooga's most famous connection to the railroad industry is Chattanooga Choo Choo, a song made famous by Glenn Miller & amp; Its Orchestra, the city serves as a major goods delivery center with Norfolk Southern (NS) and CSX running trains on their own (and respective) lines. The main classification page of Norfolk Southern Railway, DeButts Yard, is located east of downtown; Shipp's Yard from Norfolk Southern and CSX's Wauhatchie Yard are in the southwest of the city. Norfolk Southern has a large railway workshop in Chattanooga. Both railway companies are one of the largest individual landowners in the city (Federal Government is the other).

Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM), the largest historic train operation in the South, and Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway also provide train services in Chattanooga. The National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) headquarters was located in Chattanooga next to TVRM from 1982 to 2013, when NMRA moved to Soddy Daisy, a nearby suburb. (NMRA has moved from Indianapolis, Indiana to Chattanooga.)

Using the AAR (NS for Norfolk Southern, CSXT for CSX Transportation, TVRM for Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, TNT for Tyner Terminal Railroad subsidiaries and CCKY for Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway) flags, the railway line passing through Chattanooga is as follows:

• CSXT - West & amp; Atlantic sub-section (Chattanooga to Atlanta)
  • The Chattanooga sub-district (Chattanooga to Nashville on former NC & StL lane)
• NS - Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific, aka the Queen and Crescent Routes, (Chattanooga to Cincinnati, Ohio via Lexington, Kentucky)
  • Alabama Division (Chattanooga to Memphis via Huntsville, Alabama)
  • Alabama Great Southern (Chattanooga to New Orleans, Louisiana via Birmingham, Alabama)
  • Georgia Division (Chattanooga to Atlanta)
  • Central Division (Chattanooga to Knoxville)
  • Chattanooga Traction Company
    • North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain
    • Dry Valley Line (Red Bank to Lupton City)
• TVRM - East Chattanooga to Grand Junction (3 miles (4.8 km))
  • East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad (from near 23rd Street, across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave., used by TVRM)
  • TNT - Tyner Terminal Railroad (Enterprise Industrial Park rail operations)
• CCKY - formerly Alabama Alabama & amp; Georgia Line (Chattanooga to Hedges, Georgia, abandoned since 2009)
  • earlier the Central line of Georgia (Chattanooga to Lyerly, Georgia)

The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals, serves as a tourist attraction. It is also sometimes used for commuting by Mountain Lookout residents, especially during cold weather when traveling up and down a mountain can be very dangerous.

Despite the high level of rail transport activity, there is no passenger train service in the city for both passengers and long-distance travelers.

Bridge

Divided by the Tennessee River, Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to cross the river; five from the bridge into a car bridge, a rail bridge, and a pedestrian bridge. This is the following, from west to east:

• P.R. Olgiati Bridge - Named former mayor, P.R. Olgiati, this bridge, dedicated in 1959, brought the US Highway 27 from downtown to Dayton, Tennessee and headed north.
• Market Street Bridge - Formally called John Ross Bridge, this bridge is a bascule bridge, which is a kind of bridge balance. The bridge was completed in 1917 with a massive amount of $ 1,000,000 at the time. After standing for decades since its last major improvement, the Tennessee Department of Transportation declared unsafe by the end of 2004. The bridge was closed in 2005 because of long renovations pending and reopened on August 4, 2007.
• Walnut Street Bridge - Also known as "The Walking Bridge", is one of Chattanooga's renewal centers and is the country's second longest pedestrian bridge. Built in 1891, the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978. The bridge was virtually dismantled in the late 1980s when public outcry caused it to be restored as the only pedestrian range that opened in 1993.
• Veterans Memorial Bridge - Completed in 1984, this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson, Lupton City, and other northern regions reach the city center quickly.
• C.B. Robinson Bridge - Opened in 1981, this bridge brings the Dupont Parkway from the Amnicola Highway to Hixson Pike and Route 153.
• Tenbridge - This vertical lift bridge bridge brings the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railways over the river and is a popular relativity area. It was built in 1920.
• Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge - Done in 1955, this route brought Highway 153 over the Chickamauga Dam.

Air travel

Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA) offers non-stop services to various domestic destinations through regional and national airlines, including Allegiant Airlines, United Express, American Eagle, Delta Connection and US Airways Express.

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Media and communications

The city of Chattanooga is served by a variety of local, regional, and national media that reach about one million people in four states: Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and North Carolina.

Newspapers

The Chattanooga Times Free Press , the only daily newspaper in the area, is published every morning. Formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that have been rivals for half a century, The Times and News-Free Press . The Times is owned and published by Adolph Ochs, who later purchased the New York Times . The Times is the morning paper and has an editorial page that is generally more liberal. The News-Free Press , whose name is the result of a previous merger, is an afternoon newspaper and the editorial is more conservative than the one in the Times . On August 27, 1966, News-Free Press became the first newspaper in the country to break up a joint operation agreement. In 1999, Free Press, which changed its name from News-Free Press in 1993, was purchased by Arkansas, WEHCO Media, publisher of Arkansas Democrat-Gazette , who later purchased The Times from Ochs heirs. The Times Free Press is the only newspaper in the United States that has 2 editorial pages, each of which reflects the opposite end of the political spectrum. The liberal, liberal Times editorial page is on the left page and the page editor of Free Press, which is conservative, is on the right page.

The Chattanooga Pulse is a free weekly alternative newspaper, published every Wednesday, focusing primarily on art, music, movies and culture. It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull, running independently until 2008, when the newspaper was bought by Brewer Media Group, which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city.

Enigma is a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine. Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal, Enigma claims to be Chattanooga's oldest alternative newspaper, despite having stopped physical publication from 2013 to continue as a monthly magazine by 2015.

The Chattanooga News Chronicle adalah koran mingguan Afrika-Amerika.

Media online

The Chattanoogan and its website "Chattanoogan.com", founded in 1999, is an online media outlet concentrating on news from Chattanooga, North Georgia, and Southeast Tennessee. The publisher is John Wilson, formerly a staff writer for Chattanooga Free Press. The Chattanoogan is the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga.

Nooga.com , purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large, was relaunched in 2011 as a local news website that offers "quality daily business-focused, politics, and local entertainment in the Chattanooga area. "

Radio

Chattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations:

AM

• WDYN 980 AM - Southern Gospel/WDYN Radio Operated By Tennessee Temple University. (Licensed to Rossville, GA)
• WFLI 1070 AM - Southern Gospel (Licensed to Lookout Mountain, TN)
• WGOW 1150 AM - News Talk/NewsRadio 1150 (Licensed for Chattanooga, TN)
• WNOO 1260 AM - Urban gospel and Motown (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• WXCT 1370 AM - Sports/1370 Fox Sports Radio (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• WLMR 1450 AM - Christian Talk (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• WJOC 1490 AM - Southern Gospel (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)

FM

• WUTC 88.1 FM - NPR/Mixed music/Music 88. Operated by UTC. The first station in Chattanooga to broadcast on Radio HD. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• W203AZ 88.5 FM - Religion/CSN International (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• WMBW 88.9 FM - Christian/Moody Radio For Southeast Heart. Owned and operated by the Moody Bible Institute. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• WYBK 89,7 FM - Christian. Operated by the Biblical Broadcasting Network. (Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
• W211BG 90.1 FM - Religious (Licensed to Walden, TN)
• WSMC 90.5 FM - Classical/NPR/PRI Operated by Southern Adventist University. (Licensed to Collegedale, TN)
• WJBP-FM 91.5 FM - Christian Life/Life Radio (Licensed to Red Bank, TN)
• WAWL - College Alternative/The Wawl (Web Only/Previous Broadcast at 91.5) Chattanooga State Community College (Licensed

  Source of the article : Wikipedia