A topical medicine is a drug applied to a specific place on or in the body. Most often topical application means application to the surface of the body such as skin or mucous membranes to treat the disease through various classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments. Many topical medications are epiduran, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhaled, such as asthma medications, or applied to surfaces other than the skin, such as eye drops given to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed on the ear, or medications applied to the tooth surface.. The word topical comes from the Greek word ??????? topicos , "place".
Video Topical medication
Local effects versus systemic
The definition of a topical administration route sometimes states that the location of the application and its pharmacodynamic effects are local.
In other cases, topical is defined as applied to a localized body area or to the surface of the body part regardless of the location of the effect. By this definition, topical administration also includes transdermal applications, in which the substance is given to the skin but is absorbed into the body to achieve systemic distribution. Such drugs are generally hydrophobic chemicals, such as steroid hormones. Specific types include transdermal patches that have become a popular way to administer some medications for birth control, hormone replacement therapy, and prevention of motion sickness. One example of antibiotics that can be used topically is chloramphenicol.
If defined strictly as having local effects, a topical administration route may also include administration of enteral drugs that can not be absorbed properly by the gastrointestinal tract. One of the antibiotics that can not be absorbed is vancomycin, which is recommended by mouth as a treatment for severe Clostridium difficile colitis.
Maps Topical medication
Basic formulation options
Potential drugs are often altered with the base. For example, some topical steroids will be classified one or two higher forces when moving from cream to ointment. As a rule of thumb, the ointment base is more occlusive and will push the drug to the skin more quickly than the solution or cream base.
The manufacturer of any topical product has full control over the drug's basic content. Although it contains the same active ingredients, a single cream manufacturer may be more acidic than the next cream, which can cause skin irritation or alter its absorption rate. For example, the vaginal formulation of miconazole antifungal cream may irritate the skin less than the miconazole cream athlete's foot formulation. This variation can, at times, result in different clinical outcomes, although the active ingredient is the same. There is no labeling of the comparative potential to ensure the same effectiveness between topical steroid brands (oil vs. water percentages dramatically affect the potential of topical steroids). Research has confirmed that the potential of some topical steroid products may differ by manufacturer or brand. An example of this is the case of Valisone brand cream and Kenalog cream in clinical studies has shown vasoconstriction significantly better than some forms of drugs produced by generic drug manufacturers. However, in a simple base like ointment, less variation between manufacturers is common.
In dermatology, the basis of topical medicine is often as important as the drug itself. It is important to receive the medication on the correct basis, before applying it to the skin. A pharmacist should not replace an ointment for cream, or vice versa, since the potential of the drug may change. Some doctors use thick ointment to replace waterproof barrier from inflamed skin in eczema treatment, and the cream may not achieve the same clinical goal.
Class
There are many general classes, without clear boundaries between similar formulations. Consequently, what the manufacturer's marketing department decides to include topical drug labels may be completely different from what is usually called. For example, Eucerin "cream" is more appropriately described as an ointment than as a cream.
Topical solution
Topical solutions can be marketed as rinses, sprays, or drops, and generally have low viscosity and often use water or alcohol at the bottom. The solution may cause dryness of the skin if alcohol is used at the base. This is usually a powder dissolved in water, alcohol, and sometimes oil. Alcohol in topical steroids can often cause drying if used as a base. There is a significant diversity between brands. There is a risk of irritation, depending on the preservatives and fragrances used in the base. Some examples of topical solutions are given below:
- Topical solution of aluminum acetate: It is colorless, with a weak acetous odor and sweet taste. This is applied topically as astringent after dilution with 10-40 parts of water. It is used in many types of dermatology lotions, creams, and pastes. Prepared and commercially prepared tablets and powders are available for this preparation.
- Topical solution of povidone iodine: This is a chemical complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone, an agent that becomes a polymer with an average molecular weight of 40,000. Povidone iodine contains 10% iodine available, slowly released when applied to the skin. This preparation is used topically as a surgical scrub and an non-irritating antiseptic solution, with its effectiveness directly attributable to the presence and release of iodine from the complex. Commercial product: Betadine solution. Lotus
- Hydrocarbon bases, eg hard paraffin, soft paraffin, microcrystalline wax and ceresin
- Ingestion base, e.g. fat wool, beeswax
- A water-soluble base, e.g. macrogols 200, 300, 400
- Emulsifying base, e.g. wax emulsifier, cetrimide
- Vegetable oil, e.g. olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, almond oil and peanut oil.
- Evaluate ointment
- Drug content
- Release drug from base
- Medical penetration
- Consistency of preparation
- Drug uptake into the bloodstream
- The irritant effect
- Stability
- Penetrability
- The solvent property
- Irritant effects
- Ease of application and deletion
- The ointment preparation method
- Liniment
- Unguen
- Finger tips unit
- Topical anesthesia
- Topical antibiotics
- Topical corticosteroids
- Topical decongestants
- Topical steroids
- Goodman & amp; Basic Apotechnology Gilman of Gilman
- Dr. David Edwards - Series of Dentistry Microbiology Lectures
- The history of ointment
Lotions are similar to solutions but are thicker and tend to be more emollient than solutions. They are usually oils mixed with water, and more often than not have a little alcohol than a solution. Lotion can dry if it contains high amount of alcohol. There is significant variability in the ingredients between different lotions.
Shake lotion
The mixture separates into two or three parts with time. Often the oil mixed with a water-based solution needs to be shaken into the suspension before use. "Shake before use".
Cream
Cream is an oil and water emulsion of approximately equal proportions. It penetrates the outer layer of the stratum corneum from the skin wall. The cream is thicker than the lotion, and retains its shape when removed from its container. This tends to be moderate in a moisturizing tendency. For topical steroid products, oil-in-water emulsions are common. Creams have a significant risk of causing immunological sensitization due to preservatives. It has a high level of acceptance by the patient. There is considerable variation in composition, composition, pH, and tolerance among generic brands.
Ointment
Ointment is the most homogeneous, thick, semi-solid, most common preparation of oily oil and thick (80% oil - water 20%) with high viscosity, which is intended for external applications on the skin. or mucous membranes. The ointment has a water number that determines the maximum amount of water it can contain. They are used as emollients or for the application of active ingredients for the skin for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes and at which the occlusion rate is desirable.
Ointments are used topically on various surfaces of the body. These include the skin and mucous membranes of the eye (an eye ointment), the chest, the vulva, the anus, and the nose. Ointments may or may not be treated.
Ointments are usually very moisturizing, and are good for dry skin. They have a low risk of sensitization because they have some substance outside of base oil or fat, and the risk of irritation is low. There is usually little variability between brands of drugs. They are often disliked by patients for being oily.
An ointment vehicle is known as the ointment base . The basic choice depends on the clinical indication for ointment. The different types of ointment base are:
The medicines are spread over the base and divided after penetrating the living cells of the skin.
The amount of ointment is the maximum amount of water that can contain 100g base at 20 Ã, Â ° C.
Ointments are formulated using hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or water-emulsifying bases to provide a mixture that can not be mixed, mingled, or can be emulsified with skin secretions. They can also come from hydrocarbons (fat), absorption, water-removable, or water-soluble base.
Properties affecting the choice of ointment base are:
Trituration : In these non-fragmented medicines it is distributed evenly by grinding with a small amount of base followed by dilution with an increasing amount of base gradually.
Fusion : In this method, the ingredients are melted together in order of melting point sequences and stirred to ensure homogeneity.
Gel
The gel is thicker than the liquid. Gel is often a semisolid emulsion sometimes using alcohol as a solvent for active ingredients. Some gel melts at body temperature. Gel tends to cut cellulose with alcohol or acetone. Gel tends to dry alone. Gel tend to have a very varied ingredient among brands. Gel has a significant risk of inducing hypersensitivity due to fragrances and preservatives. Gel is useful for hairy areas and body folds. In applying the gel, one should avoid the cracks in the skin, because of the stinging effect of the alcohol base. The gel enjoys a high level of acceptance due to its cosmetic elegance.
Foam
Foam can be seen with topical steroids that are marketed for the scalp.
Transdermal patch
Transdermal filling can be an excellent method for releasing drugs. Cutting the fillings halfway may affect the dose delivered. The release of the active component of the transdermal delivery system (patch) can be controlled by diffusion through the adhesive covering the entire patch, by diffusion through the membrane which may have only adhesive on the patch rim or drug release can be controlled by removing from the polymer matrix. Cutting the fillings can lead to rapid dehydration of the drug base and affect the level of diffusion.
Powder
Powders are pure medicine by itself (talcum powder), or made from medicines mixed in carriers such as cornmeal or corncob powder (Zeosorb AF - miconazole powder). Can be used as topical inhalation (cocaine powder used in nasal surgery).
Solid
Drugs can be placed in solid form. Examples are deodorant, antiperspirant, astringent, and hemostatic agents. Some solids melt when they reach body temperature (eg rectal suppository).
Sponge
Certain contraceptive methods depend on the sponge as a liquid drug carrier. The lemon juice embedded in the sponge has been used as a primitive contraceptive in some cultures.
Tape
The Cordran band is an example of a topical steroid applied under the occlusion by the tape. It greatly increases the potency and absorption of topical steroids and is used to treat inflammatory skin diseases.
Vapor
Some medications are used as ointment or gel, and reach the mucous membrane through evaporation. Examples are topical nasal decongestants and odorous salts.
Paste
Paste combines three agents - oil, water, and powder. This is an ointment where the powder is suspended.
Pasta
Tingtur
A tincture is a skin preparation that has a high percentage of alcohol. It will usually be used as a drug vehicle if it dries the desired area.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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