Sydney ( Ã, ( listen ) ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on the east coast of Australia, the metropolitan city surrounds Port Jackson and lies about 70 km (43.5 mi) on its outskirts to the Blue Mountains to the west, Hawkesbury to the north and Macarthur to the south. Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, 40 local government areas and 15 adjacent areas. The townspeople are known as "Sydneysiders". As of June 2017, the Sydney population is estimated at 5,131,326.
The Sydney area has been inhabited by native Australians for at least 30,000 years. Lieutenant James Cook first landed at Kurnell in 1770, while navigating his journey to the east coast of Australia on his ship, HMS Endeavor . It was not until 1788 when the First Fleet, containing inmates and led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in Botany Bay to discover Sydney as a prison colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Phillip named the city "Sydney" in recognition of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, Home Secretary in 1788. The Sydney Region is one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites, with significant rock and carvings located in the Ku -ring region -gai Chase National Park.
Since transport of prisoners ended in the mid-19th century, the city has changed from a colonial post to a major global cultural and economic center. Sydney municipal council was founded in 1842 and became the first city in Australia. Gold was found in the colony in 1851 and with it came thousands of people who are looking for money. Sydney became one of the most multicultural cities in the world after mass migration after the Second World War. According to the 2011 census, more than 250 different languages ​​are spoken in Sydney and about 40 percent of the population speak languages ​​other than English at home. In addition, 36 percent of the reported population was born overseas.
Though one of the most expensive cities in the world, the 2018 Mercer Life Quality Survey places Sydney 10th in the world in terms of quality of life, making it one of the most viable cities. It is classified as Alpha World City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network, showing its influence in the region and around the world. Ranked eleven in the world for economic opportunities, Sydney has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing and tourism. There is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of the leading financial centers in Asia Pacific. Founded in 1850, the University of Sydney is the first university in Australia and is considered one of the world's leading universities. Sydney is also home to Australia's oldest library, State Library of New South Wales, opened in 1826.
Sydney hosts international multi-sport events such as the 1938 British Empire Match and the 2000 Summer Olympics. The city is among the fifteen most visited cities in the world, with millions of tourists coming each year to see city landmarks. Offering more than 1,000,000 hectares (2,500,000 hectares) of nature reserves and parks, famous natural features include Sydney Harbor, Royal National Park and Royal Botanic Garden. Human-made attractions such as Sydney Tower, Sydney Harbor Bridge and Sydney Opera House (which became World Heritage Sites in 2007), are also famous for international visitors. The main passenger airport serving the metropolitan area is Kingsford-Smith Airport, one of the world's oldest operational airports. Opened in 1906, Central station is the main center of the city's rail network.
Video Sydney
History
The first population
The first person inhabiting the area now known as Sydney is a native of Australia who migrated from northern Australia and before that from Southeast Asia. The radiocarbon dating shows the first human activity began to occur in the Sydney area from about 30,735 years ago. However, many Aboriginal stone tools are found in West African gravel sediments dating from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would indicate that human settlements in Sydney were earlier than expected.
The first meeting between the natives and the British took place on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed in Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula and met the Gweagal clan. He noted in his journal that they are confused and somewhat hostile to foreign visitors. Cook is on an exploratory mission and is not assigned to start a settlement. He spent a short time gathering food and making scientific observations before continuing his journey further north along the east coast of Australia and claimed a new land he found for England. Prior to the arrival of the UK there were 4,000 to 8,000 indigenous people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans.
The earliest British settlers called the Eora's indigenous people. "Eora" is the term used by the natives to explain their origins in the first contact with the British. The literal meaning is "from this place". Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham is inhabited by the Cadigal clan. The main language groups are Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans who visited the area noted that indigenous people do activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, gathering shells, and cooking fish.
Colony formation
England - before that, the British - and Ireland have long sent their inmates across the Atlantic to the American colonies. The trade ended with the Declaration of Independence by the United States in 1776. Britain decided in 1786 to establish a new correctional post in the area discovered by Cook about 16 years earlier.
Captain Philip led First Fleet from 11 ships and about 850 inmates to Botany Bay on January 18, 1788, although deemed the location unsuitable due to poor soils and lack of clean water. He traveled further north and arrived in Port Jackson on January 26, 1788. This was the location for the new colony. Phillip described Sydney Cove as "without exception the best harbor in the world". The colony was originally titled "New Albion", after Albion in Great Britain, but Phillip decided "Sydney". The official proclamation and naming of the colony occurred on 7 February 1788. Lieutenant William Dawes produced the city plan in 1790 but it was ignored by the leaders of the colony. Sydney's layout today reflects a lack of planning.
Between 1788 and 1792, 3,546 men and 766 female inmates landed in Sydney - many "professional criminals" with little skills needed for colony formation. The food situation reached a crisis point in 1790. Initial efforts in agriculture were full and supplies from abroad were scarce. However, since 1791, the arrival of more regular and early trading ships reduced the feeling of isolation and increased supply.
The colony is not based on the principle of freedom and prosperity. Maps from this time do not show prison buildings; punishment for inmates is transportation rather than incarceration, but serious offenses are subject to caning and hanging. Phillip sent an exploration mission to seek better ground and remain in the Parramatta area as a promising area for expansion and move many inmates from late 1788 to build a small town, which became a major center of colonial economic life, leaving Sydney Cove only as an important and focused port social life. Poor equipment and unknown soils and climates continue to hamper agricultural expansion from the Gulf Farm to Parramatta and Toongabbie, but the development program, assisted by inmate laborers, is progressing steadily.
Officers and inmates are equally hungry as supplies are reduced and only a few can be cultivated from the ground. Indigenous people in the region are also suffering. It is estimated that half of the indigenous population in Sydney died during the smallpox epidemic of 1789. Enlightened for his age, Phillip's personal intentions were to build harmonious relationships with local Aboriginal people and try to reform and discipline the colony inmates. Phillip and some of his officers - notably Watkin Tench - left journals and accounts telling of great difficulties during the first years of completion. Roads, bridges, piers and public buildings were built using prison labor and in 1822 the city had well-established banks, markets and highways. Part of Macquarie's attempts to transform the colony is its authorization for prisoners to reentry into society as free citizens.
Conditions in the colony are not conducive to the development of a new developing metropolis, but the arrival of more regular ships and the beginning of maritime trade (such as wool) helps to reduce the burden of isolation. Between 1788 and 1792, their inmates and guards were made up of the majority of the population; in a generation, however, the liberated prison population that can be given land begins to grow. These people pioneered Sydney's private sector economy and later joined forces whose army service had expired, and then still by free settlers who began to arrive from the UK. Governor Phillip left the colony for England on December 11, 1792, with a new settlement that survived near hunger and large isolation for four years.
Conflicts
Between 1790 and 1816, Sydney became one of many Australian Border War sites, a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the rejecting Native clan. In 1790, when the British-built ponds along the Hawkesbury River, an Aboriginal leader, Pemulwuy, fought the Europeans by waging a guerrilla-style war on settlers in a series of wars known as Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars that took place in western Sydney. He raided the farm until Governor Macquarie sent troops from the 46th Regiment of the British Army in 1816 and ended the conflict by killing 14 Native Australians in an attack on their camp.
In 1804, Irish inmates led the Castle Castle Rebellion, a rebellion by inmates against the colonial authorities in the Castle Hill area of ​​the New South Wales British colony. The first and only major inmates' rebellion in Australian history was suppressed under martial law, the uprising ended in a battle between inmates and the Australian colonial forces at Rouse Hill. The 1808 Rum Rebellion was the only successful government takeover in Australian history, in which New South Wales Governor William Bligh was ousted by the New South Wales Corps under the command of Major George Johnston, who led the rebellion. Conflict arose between the governor and officers of Rum Corps, many of whom were landowners like John Macarthur.
Modern developments
19th century
The start of Sydney was shaped by the difficulties experienced by early settlers. In the early years, drought and disease caused many problems, but the situation soon improved. The military colonial government relies on the army, the New South Wales Corps. Macquarie served as the last autocratic Governor of New South Wales, from 1810 to 1821 and has a leading role in Sydney's social and economic development that sees the transition from sentencing colonies to a thriving free society. He founded public works, banks, churches and charities and sought good relations with Aborigines.
During the 19th century, Sydney established many of its major cultural institutions. Governor Lachlan Macquarie's vision for Sydney includes the construction of large public buildings and institutions suitable for the colonial capital. Macquarie Street began to form as a ceremonial street of large buildings. The year 1840 is the last year of transport of inmates to Sydney, which currently has a population of 35,000. Gold was found in the colony in 1851 and with it came thousands of people who are looking for money. The population of Sydney reached 200,000 in 1871. The demand for infrastructure to support population growth and subsequent economic activity led to massive improvements to the railway system and city ports during the 1850s and 1860s.
After a period of rapid growth, the further discovery of gold in Victoria began to attract new residents from Sydney to Melbourne in the 1850s, creating a strong competition between Sydney and Melbourne that still exists to this day. Nonetheless, Sydney exceeds Melbourne's population early in the 20th century and remains Australia's largest city. After the depression of the 1890s, six colonies agreed to form the Commonwealth of Australia. Sydney Beach has become a popular seaside holiday resort, but the sea water baths during the day are considered indecent until the early 20th century.
20th century-present
Under the rule of Queen Victoria the federation of six colonies occurred on 1 January 1901. Sydney, with a population of 481,000, later became the capital of the state of New South Wales. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a severe effect on the Sydney economy, as was the case with most cities across the industrial world. For much of the 1930s up to one out of three unemployed earners. The Sydney Harbor Bridge's construction serves to reduce some of the effects of the economic downturn by employing 1,400 people between 1924 and 1932. The population continued to boom despite the Depression, having reached 1 million in 1925.
When Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Australia also entered. During the war Sydney experienced a surge in industrial development to meet wartime economic needs. Away from mass unemployment, there is now a shortage of manpower and women becoming active in the role of men. Sydney Harbor was attacked by the Japanese in May and June 1942 with a direct attack from a Japanese submarine with some loss of life. Households across the city have built airborne shelters and do the exercises. Sydney sees a surge in industrial development to meet the economic needs of the war, as well as the elimination of unemployment. Labor shortages forced the government to accept women in a more active role in war work.
As a result, Sydney experienced population growth and increased cultural diversification during the post-war period. The people of Sydney warmly welcomed Queen Elizabeth II in 1954 when the ruling monarch stepped into Australia for the first time to begin her Australian Kingdom Tour. Upon arriving at the Royal Yacht Britannia via Sydney Heads, His Excellency took to the mainland at Farm Cove. There were 1.7 million people living in Sydney in 1950 and nearly 3 million in 1975. The Australian Government launched a large-scale multicultural immigration program.
New industries such as information technology, education, financial services and the arts have increased. The iconic Opera House in Sydney opened in 1973 by Her Majesty. A new horizon of concrete and steel skyscrapers swept much of the low ceilings and often urban sandstone in the 1960s and 1970s. Since 1970 Sydney has undergone a rapid economic and social transformation. As a result, the city became a cosmopolitan melting pot. To reduce congestion on the Sydney Harbor Bridge, the Sydney Harbor Tunnel opened in August 1992. The 2000 Summer Olympics was held in Sydney and is known as the "Best Olympic Games" by the President of the International Olympic Committee. Sydney has retained extensive political, economic and cultural influence over Australia and is internationally renowned in recent decades. After the Olympics, the city hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the 2007 APEC Australia and the Catholic World Youth Day 2008, led by Pope Benedict XVI.
Maps Sydney
Geography
Topography
Sydney is a coastal basin with the Tasman Sea to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north, and Woronora Plateau to the south. The inner city measures 25 square kilometers (10 square miles), the Greater Sydney area covers 12,367 square kilometers (4,775 square miles), and the urban area is 1,687 square kilometers (651 square miles).
Sydney covers two geographical regions. The Cumberland Plain is located to the south and west of the Harbor and is relatively flat. The Hornsby Plateau lies to the north and is dissected by steep valleys. The flat area in the south was the first developed as the city grew. Not until the construction of Sydney Harbor Bridge which reaches the north coast becomes more densely populated. Seventy beaches can be found along its coastline with Bondi Beach being one of the most famous.
The Nepean River wraps around the western edge of town and becomes the Hawkesbury River before reaching Broken Bay. Much of Sydney's water storage can be found in the Nepean River. The Parramatta River is largely industrial and runs a large area on the western outskirts of Sydney to Port Jackson. The southern part of the city is drained by the Georges River and the Cooks River to Botany Bay.
Geology
Sydney is made up of mostly Triassic rocks with several frozen dikes and recent volcanic necks. The Sydney basin is formed when the Earth's crust expands, subsides, and is filled with sediment in the early Triassic period. Sand that became sandstone today was washed there by the river from south and northwest, and laid between 360 and 200 million years ago. Sandstones have shale and base fossil flow lenses.
The Sydney Basin bioregion includes beach features, cliffs, beaches and estuaries. The deep river valley known as ria is carved during the Triassic period on the sandstone of Hawkesbury in the coastal area where Sydney is now located. The rising sea levels between 18,000 and 6,000 years ago flooded the ria to form deep estuaries and harbors. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbor, is one of those ria.
Ecology
The most common plant community in the Sydney area is the Sclerophyll Dry Forest, comprised of eucalyptus trees, casuarinas, melaleukas, sclerophyll bushes (usually brokers and banksias) and semi-continuous weeds below, especially in open forest settings. These plants tend to have rough and pointed leaves, as they grow in areas with low soil fertility. Wet sclerophyll forests are found in humid and elevated areas of Sydney, such as the northeast. They are defined with a straight and tall canopy of trees with humid and elaborate underwater plants, soft leafy shrubs, tree ferns and spices.
Sydney is home to dozens of species of birds, which typically include Australian crows, Australian magpies, crested doves, noisy miners and currawong pied, among others. The ubiquitous bird species found in Sydney are common myna, common starlings, sparrows, and leopard doves. Reptile species are also numerous and most include lizards. Sydney has several species of mammals and spiders, such as the flying fox-headed gray and Sydney-web channel, respectively.
Climate
Under the KÃÆ'¶ppen-Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year. At Sydney's main weather station at Observatory Hill, extreme temperatures range from 45.8 ° C (114.4 ° F) on January 18, 2013 to 2.1 ° C (35.8 ° F) on June 22, 1932 The average of 14.9 days a year has a temperature at or above 30 ° C (86 ° F) in the central business district (CBD). In contrast, the metropolitan area averages between 35 and 65 days, depending on the suburbs. The highest minimum temperature recorded at Observatory Hill was 27.6 Â ° C (82 Â ° F), in February 2011 while the lowest maximum temperature was 7.7 Â ° C (46 Â ° F), recorded in July 1868.
Weather is moderated by proximity to the oceans, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the western outskirts of the interior. Sydney experiences the urban heat island effect. This makes certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, including coastal fringes. At the end of spring and summer, temperatures above 35Ã, Â ° C (95Ã, Â ° F) are not uncommon, although hot, dry conditions are usually terminated by southern buster. This powerful storm brought strong winds and rapid temperature drop, followed by heavy rain and short thunder. The far western periphery, which borders the Blue Mountains, experiences winds like FÃÆ'¶n in the warm months coming from the Central Tablelands. Due to its inland location, ice at night is recorded in Western Sydney several times in winter. Autumn and spring are transitional seasons, with spring showing greater temperature variations than autumn.
Rainfall has moderate to low variability and spread over several months, but was slightly higher during the first half of the year. From 1990-1999, Sydney received about 20 thunderstorms per year. In late autumn and winter, the eastern shore can bring large amounts of rainfall, especially in the CBD. Depending on the wind direction, summer weather may be humid or dry, with late summer/autumn having higher moisture and dewpoint than late spring/early summer. In summer, most of the rain falls from the storm and in winter from the cold front. The last snowfall was reported in the City of Sydney area in 1836, while the fall of the tiger, or soft hail, misunderstood by many because the snow, in July 2008, had increased the probability that the 1836 event was also not snow.
The city is rarely affected by cyclones, although the remnants of ex-cyclones do affect the city. El NiÃÆ'Â Â o-Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney weather patterns: drought and forest fires on one side, and storms and floods on the other, associated with opposite phases of oscillations. Many areas of the city bordering on bushes have experienced forest fires, this tends to occur during spring and summer. The city is also vulnerable to severe storms. One such storm was a 1999 rain storm, which resulted in large hail to a diameter of 9 cm (3.5 inches).
The Meteorological Bureau has reported that 2002 to 2005 is the warmest summer in Sydney since records began in 1859. The summer of 2007-08, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996-97 and is the only summer of this century at or below the flat temperature. In 2009, dry conditions brought severe dust storms to the east of Australia.
The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 18.5 ° C (65.3 ° F) in September to 23.7 ° C (74.7 ° F) in February.
Region
The Sydney Region includes the CBD or City of Sydney (Inner West, Eastern Suburbs, Southern Sydney, Greater Western Sydney (including South-west), and Northern Suburbs (including the Northwest). The Sydney Sydney Commission divides Sydney into five districts based on 33 LGAs in the metropolitan area; West Town, Central City, Eastern City, Northern District, and Southern District.
Inside
The CBD extends about 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) south of Sydney Cove. It borders Farm Cove within the Royal Botanic Garden to the east and Darling Harbor to the west. The suburbs around the CBD include Woolloomooloo and Potts Point to the east, Surry Hills and Darlinghurst to the south, Pyrmont and Ultimo to the west, as well as Millers Point and The Rocks to the north. Most of these suburbs are less than 1 square kilometer (0.4 square miles) in the area. The Sydney CBD is characterized by very narrow streets and highways, made early in the 18th century convict.
Some areas, different from the periphery, are all over in Sydney. Central and Circular Quay is a transportation hub with ferry, rail and bus interchange. Chinatown, Darling Harbor, and Kings Cross are important locations for culture, tourism and recreation. Strand Arcade, located between Pitt Street Mall and George Street, is a historic Victorian-style shopping area. Opened on April 1, 1892, the front of his shop was an exact replica of the original internal shopping facade. Westfield Sydney, located below the Tower of Sydney, is the largest shopping mall in the area of ​​Sydney.
There is a long trend of gentrification among the Sydney suburbs. Pyrmont located at the harbor was rebuilt from international shipping and trading centers to residential areas of high density, tourist accommodation, and gambling. Originally located far outside the city, Darlinghurst is a former prison, manufacturing and mixed housing site. It was a period when it was known as a prostitution area. Porch-style housing has been largely maintained and Darlinghurst has experienced significant gentrification since the 1980s.
Green Square is a former Waterloo industrial estate that is undergoing an $ 8 billion urban renewal. On the edge of the historic townside harbor and the Millers Point pier is being built as a new area of ​​Barangaroo. The development of Millers Point/Barangaroo has significant controversy regardless of the $ 6 billion economic activity it generates. The suburb of Paddington is a well-known suburb for its streets with refurbished terrace houses, Victorian Barracks, and shopping venues including the weekly Oxford Street market.
Inner West
Inner Western generally includes Inner West Council, Municipality of Burwood, Municipality of Strathfield, and City of Canada Bay. This reaches about 11 km west of the CBD. The suburbs at Inner West have historically accommodated the industrial workers of the working class, but have experienced gentrification during the 20th century. This region now has features of medium and high density housing. Key features in this area include the University of Sydney and the Parramatta River, as well as the large cosmopolitan community. Anzac Bridge covers Johnstons Bay and connects Rozelle to Pyrmont and City, which is part of Western Distributors.
This area is served by the T1, T2 and T3 railway lines, including the Main Suburbs; which is the first built in New South Wales. Strathfield Railway Station is a secondary railway station in Sydney, and a major station on the Suburban line and the northern lane. It was built in 1876, and will be the future terminal of Parramatta Light Rail. This area is also served by many bus routes and bike trails. Other shopping centers in the area include Westfield Burwood and DFO in Homebush.
Eastern outskirts
The Eastern Suburbs include Woollahra Municipal, Randwick Town, Waverley Municipal Council, and part of the Bayside Board. The Greater Sydney Commission envisions a population of 1,338,250 people by 2036 in the Eastern City District (including City and Western Inner).
They include some of the most prosperous and favored areas in the country, with some roads among the most expensive in the world. Wolseley Road, at Point Piper, has the highest price of $ 20,900 per square meter, making it the ninth most expensive road in the world. More than 75% of the environment in the Wentworth Election District is under the decile of SEIFA's profits, making it the most unfortunate region in the country.
Major landmarks include Bondi Beach, a major tourist location; which was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2008; and Bondi Junction, featuring Westfield shopping center and office workforce estimates of 6,400 by 2035, as well as a train station on the T4 Eastern Suburbs Line. The Randwick suburbs contain Racecourse Randwick, Royal Women's Hospital, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney Children's Hospital, and Kensington UNSW Campus. Randwick's 'Collaboration Area' has an initial estimate of 32,000 jobs by 2036, according to the Greater Sydney Commission.
Construction is underway for CBD and South East Light Rail lines. Although major construction is scheduled for completion by 2018, its completion is potentially delayed until March 2020. The project aims to provide reliable and high-capacity tram services for residents in the City and Southeast.
Major shopping centers in the area include Westfield Bondi Junction and Westfield Eastgardens, although many residents shop in the City.
Southern Sydney
South Sydney covers the suburbs of the former local government area of ​​Rockdale, the Georges River Council (collectively known as the St George area), and extensively also covers the suburbs in the local government area of ​​Sutherland, south of the Georges River (colloquially known as' The Shire ').
The Kurnell peninsula, near Botany Bay, was the first landing site on the east coast line created by Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook in 1770. La Perouse, a historic city named after French navigator Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois de Galaup, comte de LapÃÆ' Â © rouse (1741-88), famous for its long military post on Bare Island and Botany Bay National Park.
The Cronulla suburb of South Sydney is close to the Royal National Park, Australia's oldest national park. Hurstville, a large suburb with many commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings that dominate the horizon, has become a CBD for the southern suburbs.
Northern outskirts
Since 'Northern Suburbs' are not clearly defined territories, 'Northern Suburbs' may also include suburbs on the Upper North Shore, Lower North Shore and Northern Beaches.
The Northern Suburbs include several landmarks - Macquarie University, Gladesville Bridge, Ryde Bridge, Macquarie Center and Curzon Hall on Marsfield. This area includes the suburbs in the local government area Hornsby Shire, Ryde Town, Hunter's Hill Township and part of Parramatta City.
The North Shore, an informal geographical term refers to the northern metropolitan area of ​​Sydney, consisting of Artarmon, Chatswood, Roseville, Lindfield, Killara, Gordon, Pymble, Hornsby and many others. The North Shore, the upper middle class, has one of Sydney's highest property prices with recent property price inflation sending average suburban property prices like Roseville, Lindfield, Killara and Gordon over 2 million dollars.
The North Shore includes the North Sydney commercial center and Chatswood. North Sydney itself consists of a large commercial center, with its own business center, which contains Sydney's second largest building concentration, after the CBD. North Sydney is dominated by advertising, business marketing and trade-related, with many large companies holding offices in the region.
The Lower North Shore usually refers to suburbs adjacent to ports such as Neutral Bay, Waverton, Mosman, Cremorne, Cremorne Point, Lavender Bay, Milsons Point, Cammeray, Northbridge, and North Sydney. The eastern boundary of the Lower North Shore is Middle Harbor, or at the Roseville Bridge at Castle Cove and Roseville Chase. Upper North Shore usually refers to the suburbs between Chatswood and Hornsby. It consists of a suburb located within Ku-ring-gai and Hornsby Shire board.
The North Beach area includes Manly, one of Sydney's most popular holiday destinations for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The North Coast area stretches south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbor), west to Middle Harbor and north to the entrance of Broken Bay. The 2011 Australian Census found the North Coast to be Australia's most white and mono-ethnic district, in contrast to its more diverse neighbors, the North Shore and the Central Coast.
Hill District
The Hills District generally refers to the suburbs of northwest Sydney including the local government territory of The Hills Shire, part of Parramatta City Council and Hornsby Shire. The actual suburbs and locality that are considered to be in the Hills District can be rather amorphous and varied. For example, the Border District History Society limits its definition to the area of ​​the Hills Shire government, but its study area extends from Parramatta to Hawkesbury. This region is so named because of its relatively hilly topography when the Cumberland plateau is lifted, joining the Hornsby Plateau. Some suburbs also have 'Hills' in their names, such as Bukit Baulkham, Castle Hill, Seven Hills, Pendle Hill, Beaumont Hills, and Winston Hills, among others. Windsor and Old Windsor Roads are historic trails in Australia, as they are the second and third streets, respectively, placed in the colony.
western margin
The larger western outskirts include the Parramatta area, Australia's sixth largest business district and one of Sydney's oldest suburbs, Bankstown, Liverpool, Penrith and Fairfield. Spanning 5,800 square kilometers (2,200 sq. Million) and having an estimated population population as of June 30, 2008 of 1,665,673, western Sydney has the most multicultural suburbs in the country. Its population is dominated by a working-class background, with major work in heavy industry and vocational commerce.
The western edge of Prospect, in Blacktown City, is home to Wet'n'Wild, a water park operated by Village Roadshow Theme Parks. Auburn Botanical Gardens, a botanical garden located in Auburn, attracts thousands of visitors every year, including large numbers from outside Australia. Other parks and parks in the west are the Central Gardens Nature Reserve at Merrylands West. The larger western part also includes Sydney Olympic Park, a suburb made to host the 2000 Summer Olympics, and Sydney Motorsport Park, a motorsport circuit located on Eastern Creek. The Aqueduct Boothtown in Greystanes is a 19th century water bridge listed on the New South Wales Heritage List as a State significance site.
To the northwest, Featherdale Wildlife Park, an Australian zoo in Doonside, near Blacktown, is a major tourist attraction not only for Western Sydney but for NSW and Australia. Westfield Parramatta at Parramatta is Australia's busiest Westfield shopping center, with 28.7 million customer visits per year. Founded in 1799, the Old Government House, a museum of historic homes and attractions in Parramatta, is listed on the World Heritage List of Australia on August 1, 2007 and World Heritage List in 2010 (as part of the 11 prison sites which are the Australian Prisoners Site) making it the only site in greater western Sydney to be featured on the list. In addition, the house is the oldest public building that still exists in Australia.
Further to the southwest are the Macarthur and Campbelltown regions, a significant population center until the 1990s is considered a separate area of ​​Sydney. Macarthur Square, a shopping complex in Campbelltown, is one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney. The southwest also has the Bankstown Reservoir, the oldest reservoir built on reinforced concrete that is still in use and listed on the State Heritage List of New South Wales State.
City structure
Architecture
The earliest structures in the colony were built with minimal standards. After his appointment, Governor Lachlan Macquarie set ambitious targets for the architectural design of the new construction project. The city now has world-listed buildings, several listed buildings as a national heritage, and dozens of heritage buildings of the Commonwealth as evidence of Macquarie's continuing ideals.
In 1814, the governor asked an inmate named Francis Greenway to design the Macquarie Lighthouse. The lighthouse and its classic designs earned Greenway's pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a beautiful architectural culture to this day. Greenway went on to design the Barak Hyde Park in 1819 and the Georgian St James Church in 1824. Gothic-inspired architecture became more popular than the 1830s. John Verge's Elizabeth Bay House and St Philip's Church of 1856 were built in the Gothic Awakening style along with the Edward Blore Government Building in 1845. Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St. Andrew's Cathedral, Australia's oldest cathedral, are rare instances of Gothic Victorian construction.
From the late 1850s there was a shift towards Classical architecture. Mortimer Lewis designed the Australian Museum in 1857. The General Post Office, completed in 1891 in the Victorian Free Classical style, was designed by James Barnet. Barnet also oversaw the reconstruction of the 1883 Macquarie Greenway Lighthouse. Customs House was built in 1844 with Lewis specifications, with the addition of Barnet in 1887 and WL Vernon in 1899. The Town Town style built in 1889 in neo-Classical and French style was completed in 1889. The romantic design got support among Sydney's architects from the early 1890s. Sydney Technical College completed in 1893 using the approach of Romanesque Revival and Queen Anne. The Queen Victoria Building was designed in George McRae's Romanesque Revival mode and finished in 1898. Built on the Sydney Central Markets site and housed 200 stores on three floors.
The Great Depression had a real influence on Sydney's architecture. The new structure became more controlled with much less ornamentation than was common before the 1930s. The most prominent architectural achievement of this period was Harbor Bridge. The steel arch was designed by John Jacob Crew Bradfield and completed in 1932. A total of 39,000 tons of structural steel reaches 503 meters (1,650 feet) between Milsons Point and Dawes Point.
Modern and international architecture came to Sydney from the 1940s. Since its completion in 1973 the Opera House in this city has become a World Heritage Site and one of the most renowned parts of the Modern design world. It was conceived by JÃÆ'¸rn Utzon with contributions from Peter Hall, Lionel Todd, and David Littlemore. Utzon was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2003 for his work at the Opera House. Sydney is home to Australia's first building by famous Canadian architect Frank Gehry Dr Chau Chak Wing Building (2015), based on a tree house design. The entrance of The Goods Line - the pedestrian path and the former railway line - is located on the eastern border of the site.
Sydney's first tower is Culwulla Chambers on the corner of King Street and Castlereagh Street which is at 50 meters (160 feet). With the lifting of altitude restrictions in the 1960s came a spike in high-rise construction. Renowned architects such as Jean Nouvel, Harry Seidler, Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano, Norman Foster, and Frank Gehry each have made their own contributions to the city's skyline.
Important CBD buildings include Citigroup Center, Aurora Place, Chifley Tower, Reserve Bank building, Deutsche Bank Place, MLC Center, and Capita Center. The tallest structure is the Sydney Tower, designed by Donald Crone and completed in 1981. The rules restrict new buildings to an altitude of 235 meters (771 ft) due to the proximity of Sydney Airport, although the restrictive restrictions applied in the early 2000s have been slowly loosened. in the past ten years.
Housing
Sydney real estate prices are the most expensive in the world, surpassing New York City and Paris. There were 1.5 million residences in Sydney in 2006 including 940,000 separate homes and 180,000 semi-detached terrace houses. Units or apartments account for 25.8% of Sydney residences, more than 12.8% semi-detached but less than 60.9% of which are separate homes. While the house is a common terrace in the inner city area, it is a detached house that dominates the landscape on the outer periphery.
About 80% of all residences in Western Sydney are separate homes. Due to environmental and economic pressures there has been a recorded trend toward more crowded housing. There was a 30% increase in the number of apartments in Sydney between 1996 and 2006. Public housing in Sydney is managed by the Government of New South Wales. Suburbs with large concentrations of public housing include Claymore, Macquarie Fields, Waterloo, and Mount Druitt. The government has announced plans to sell nearly 300 historic public housing properties in the harbor neighborhood of Millers Point, Gloucester Street, and The Rocks.
Sydney is one of the most expensive real estate markets globally. This is only the second in Hong Kong with an average property spending 14 times the annual salary in Sydney as of December 2016. A variety of styles of heritage housing can be found throughout Sydney. Home terraces are found in the inner suburbs such as Paddington, The Rocks, Potts Point and Balmain-many of which have been the subject of gentrification. These terraces, especially those on the edge like The Rocks, are historically home to Sydney miners and workers. On this day, the porch house is now some of the city's most valuable real estate.
The Federation House, built around the time of the Federation in 1901, is located in Penshurst, Turramurra, and in Haberfield. Haberfield is known as "The Federation Suburb" because of the many houses of the Federation. Workers are found in Surry Hills, Redfern, and Balmain. California public bungalows in Ashfield, Concord, and Beecroft. Type of modern house, type 'McMansion' found in many outer periphery, as in, Park Stanhope, Kellyville Ridge and Bella Vista to the northwest, Bossley Park. Abbotsbury and Cecil Hills to the greater west, and Hoxton Park, Harrington Park, and Oran Park in the southwest.
Garden and open space
The Royal Botanic Garden is the most important green space in the Sydney area, which houses scientific and recreational activities. There are 15 separate parks under the Sydney City administration. Park within the city center includes Hyde Park, The Domain and Prince Alfred Park.
The outer suburbs include Centennial Park and Moore Park to the east, Sydney Park and Royal National Park in the south, Chase National Park Ku-ring-gai in the north, and Western Sydney Parklands to the west, which is one of the largest parks in the world. The Royal National Park was proclaimed on April 26, 1879 and with 13,200 hectares (51 square miles) is the second oldest national park in the world. The largest park in the Sydney metropolitan area is the Ku-ring-gai National Park Chase, founded in 1894 with an area of ​​15,400 hectares (59 square miles). This is considered because of well maintained records of indigenous residences and over 800 stone carvings, cave drawings and middens have been found in the park.
The area now known as Domain was set aside by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788 as his personal reserve. Under Macquarie's command, the land north of The Domain became the Royal Botanic Garden in 1816. This made it Australia's oldest botanical garden. The Gardens is not only a place for exploration and relaxation, but also for scientific research with herbarium collections, libraries, and laboratories. Both parks have an area of ​​64 hectares (0.2 square miles) with 8,900 individual plant species and receive over 3.5 million annual visits.
To the south of The Domain is Hyde Park. It is Australia's oldest public park and measures 16.2 hectares (0.1 square miles) in the area. Its location is used for relaxation and animal grazing from the early days of the colony. Macquarie dedicated it in 1810 to "recreation and entertainment of the townspeople" and named it in honor of the original Hyde Park in London.
Economy
Researchers from Loughborough University rank Sydney among the top ten cities of the world deeply integrated into the global economy. The Global Economic Force Index is ranked 11th in the world. The Global City Index recognizes that as number fourteen in the world based on global engagement.
The prevailing economic theory prevailing during the early colonial period was mercantilism, as was the case in much of Western Europe. The economy struggled initially due to difficulties in cultivating the land and the lack of a stable monetary system. Governor Lachlan Macquarie solved the second problem by creating two coins from every silver Spanish dollar in circulation. The economy was clearly capitalist in the 1840s when the proportion of free settlers increased, the maritime and wool industries flourished, and the power of the East India Company was reduced.
Wheat, gold, and other minerals became an additional export industry towards the end of the 1800s. Significant capital began to flow into the city from the 1870s to finance roads, trains, bridges, docks, courthouses, schools and hospitals. The protectionist policy after the federation made it possible for the manufacturing industry to become the largest company in the city in the 1920s. This same policy helps ease the impact of the Great Depression where unemployment rates in New South Wales reach as high as 32%. From the 1960s onwards Parramatta gained recognition as the city's second CBD and finance and tourism became the main industry and source of employment.
Sydney's nominal gross domestic product is AU $ 400.9 billion and AU $ 80,000 per capita by 2015. Gross domestic product is AU $ 337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia. The Financial Services and Insurance Industry accounted for 18.1% of gross products and preceded Professional Services by 9% and Manufacturing by 7.2%. In addition to Financial Services and Tourism, the Creative and Technological sector is the focus industry for the City of Sydney and represents 9% and 11% of its economic output in 2012.
Corporate citizen
There are 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011, including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two thirds of the regional headquarters of multinationals. Global companies are attracted to the city partly because the time zone includes closing businesses in North America and business opening in Europe. Most foreign companies in Sydney maintain significant sales and service functions but with poor production, research and development capabilities. There are 283 multinational companies with regional offices in Sydney.
Domestic economy
Sydney is ranked among the fifth and fifth cities in the world and is the most expensive city in Australia. To compensate, workers receive the seventh highest rate of wages from any city in the world. Sydney residents have the highest purchasing power in any city after ZÃÆ'¼rich. Residents working in Sydney work an average of 1,846 hours per year with 15 days of leave.
The Greater Sydney Region work force in 2016 is 2,272,722 with a participation rate of 61.6%. It consists of 61.2% of full-time workers, 30.9% of part-time workers, and 6.0% of unemployed. The biggest jobs reported are professionals, administrative and administrative workers, managers, technicians and trade workers, and the public and private service workers. The largest industries with jobs across Greater Sydney are Health Care and Social Aid with 11.6%, Professional Services with 9.8%, Retail Trading with 9.3%, Construction with 8.2%, Education and Training with 8.0 %, Accommodation and Food Service 6.7%, and Financial and Insurance Services with 6.6%. Professional Services and Financial Services and Insurance accounted for 25.4% of jobs in Sydney City.
In 2016, 57.6% of the working age population had a weekly income of less than $ 1,000 and 14.4% had a weekly total of $ 1,750 or more. The average weekly earnings for the same period are $ 719 for individuals, $ 1,988 for families, and $ 1,750 for households.
Unemployment in Sydney City averaged 4.6% for the decade to 2013, much lower than the current unemployment rate in Western Sydney of 7.3%. Western Sydney continues to struggle to create jobs to meet population growth despite the construction of a commercial center such as Parramatta. Every day, about 200,000 commuters travel from Western Sydney to the CBD and the suburbs in the east and north of the city.
Home ownership in Sydney was less common than renting before the Second World War but this trend has since reversed. Average house prices have risen an average of 8.6% per year since 1970. The average home price in Sydney in March 2014 was $ 630,000. The main cause of the price increase was an increase in land costs of 32% of house prices in 1977 compared to 60% in 2002. 31.6% of homes in Sydney were leased, 30.4% owned directly and 34.8% owned by mortgage. 11.8% of mortgages in 2011 had monthly loan payments of less than $ 1,000 and 82.9% had monthly payments of $ 1,000 or more. 44.9% of tenants for the same period had a weekly rental of less than $ 350 while 51.7% had weekly rentals of $ 350 or more. The average weekly rent in Sydney is $ 450.
Financial services
Macquarie gave the charter in 1817 to form the first bank in Australia, Bank of New South Wales. New private banks were opened throughout the 1800s but the financial system was unstable. Bank collapse often occurs and the crisis point reached in 1893 when 12 banks failed.
The Bank of New South Wales exists to this day as Westpac. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was formed in Sydney in 1911 and began publishing records supported by the nation's resources. It was replaced in this role in 1959 by the Reserve Bank of Australia which is also based in Sydney. The Australian Stock Exchange started operations in 1987 and with a market capitalization of $ 1.6 trillion is now one of the top ten exchanges in the world.
The Financial Services and Insurance Industry is now 43% of Sydney's economic products. Sydney forms half of Australia's financial sector and has been promoted by the Commonwealth Government in a row as a leading financial center in Asia Pacific. Structured finance was pioneered in Sydney and the city is a major center for asset management companies. In the 2017 Global Financial Center Index, Sydney is ranked as the eighth most competitive financial center in the world.
In 1985, the Federal Government granted 16 banking licenses to foreign banks and now 40 of 43 foreign banks operating in Australia are headquartered in Sydney, including the People's Bank of China, Bank of America, Citigroup, UBS, Mizuho Bank, Bank of China, Banco Santander, Credit Suisse, State Street, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Barclays, Royal Bank of Canada, Socià © à © tà © à © nÃÆ'  © rale, Royal Bank of Scotland, Sumitomo Mitsui, ING Group, BNP Paribas, and Investec.
Manufacturing
Sydney has been a manufacturing city since the protectionist policies of the 1920s. By 1961, the industry accounted for 39% of all work and by 1970 over 30% of all Australian manufacturing jobs were in Sydney. Its status has declined in the newer decades, reaching 12.6% of employment in 2001 and 8.5% in 2011. Between 1970 and 1985 there was a loss of 180,000 manufacturing jobs. The city is still the largest manufacturing center in Australia. Its manufacturing output of $ 21.7 billion in 2013 is bigger than Melbourne with $ 18.9 billion. Observers have noted Sydney's focus on domestic and high-tech manufacturing as a reason for its high resistance to the Australian dollar in the early 2010s.
International tourism and education
Sydney is the gateway to Australia for many international visitors. It has hosted more than 2.8 million international visitors by 2013, or nearly half of all international visits to Australia. This visitor spent 59 million nights in the city and totaled $ 5.9 billion. Country of origin in descending order is China, New Zealand, UK, USA, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, and India.
The city also received 8.3 million overnight domestic visitors in 2013 which spent a total of $ 6 billion. 26,700 workers in Sydney City are directly employed by tourism in 2011. There are 480,000 visitors and 27,500 people overnight each day in 2012. On average, the tourism industry contributes $ 36 million to the city economy per day.
Popular destinations include Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbor Bridge, Watsons Bay, The Rocks, Sydney Tower, Darling Harbor, State Library of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Garden, Royal National Park, Australian Museum, Museum of Contemporary Art, New South Wales, Queen Victoria Building, Sea Life Sydney Aquarium, Taronga Zoo, Bondi Beach, Blue Mountains and Sydney Olympic Park.
Major development projects designed to boost Sydney's tourism sector include casinos and hotels in Barangaroo and the redevelopment of East Darling Harbor, involving new exhibitions and convention centers, now the largest in Australia.
Sydney is the world's highest-ranking city for international students. Over 50,000 international students study in city universities and over 50,000 studies in vocational and English schools. International education contributes $ 1.6 billion to the local economy and creates demand for 4,000 local jobs each year.
Demographics
The population of Sydney in 1788 was less than 1,000. With the transport of prisoners it tripled to 2,953. For every decade since 1961, the population has risen by more than 250,000. The population of Sydney at the time of the 2011 census was 4,391,674. It is estimated that the population will grow between 8 and 8.9 million by 2061. Despite this increase, the Australian Bureau of Statistics predicts that Melbourne will replace Sydney as Australia's most populous city by 2053. The four most populous suburbs in Australia are located in Sydney with each -members have more than 13,000 residents per square kilometer (33,700 inhabitants per square mile).
The average age of Sydney's population is 36 and 12.9% of people aged 65 years or older. The married population accounted for 49.7% of Sydney while 34.7% were never married. 48.9% of families were couples with children, 33.5% were spouses, and 15.7% were single parent families. 32.5% of people in Sydney speak a language other than home English in the most used Arabic, Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese and Greek languages.
There are 54,746 people of indigenous heritage living in Sydney in 2011. Most immigrants to Sydney between 1840 and 1930 were British, Irish or Chinese. There are significant groups of people based on nationality or religion throughout Sydney's development history. At the beginning of the 20th century the Irish were concentrated in Surry Hills, Scotland in Paddington.
After World War II, Sydney's ethnic group began to diversify. Common ethnic groups in Sydney include, but are not limited to, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka, India, Assyria, Turkey, Thailand, Russia, Vietnam, Philippines, Korea, Greece, Lebanon, Italy, Jews, Poland, Germany, Serbia, Macedonia, and the Maltese community. On the night of the 2011 census there were 1,503,620 people living in Sydney born overseas, accounting for 42.5% of the Sydney City population and 34.2% of the Sydney population, the seventh largest proportion of any city in the world. The 2016 Census reports that 39 percent of Greater Sydney are immigrants, over New York City (36 percent), Paris (25 percent), Berlin (13 percent) and Tokyo (2 percent). If local residents with at least one parent born overseas are included, then 65 percent of Sydney residents are migrants.
Sydney's largest ancestral groups are English, Australian, Irish, Chinese and Scottish. Foreign countries born with the largest representation are Britain, China, India, New Zealand and Vietnam. Immigrant concentrations in Sydney, relative to the rest of Australia (excluding Melbourne), make it an exception rather than the norm for having a high-birth population abroad.
Culture
Science, art and history
Ku-ring-gai National Park Chase is rich in the heritage of the Indigenous Australians, which contains about 1,500 pieces of Aboriginal rock art - The largest group of Indigenous sites in Australia, surpassing Kakadu, which has about 5,000 sites but over a much larger landmass. The park's original site includes stone carvings, art sites, funeral sites, caves, wedding areas, birthing areas, landfills, and tool-making sites, among others, around 5,000 years old. The people in the area are Garigal.
The Australian Museum was opened in Sydney in 1857 with the aim of collecting and displaying the natural wealth of the colony. It remains the oldest natural history museum in Australia. In 1995, the Sydney Museum opened at the location of the first Government Building. It tells the story of the city's development. Other Sydney-based museums include the Powerhouse Museum and the Australian National Maritime Museum.
In 1866, Queen Victoria gave her consent to the establishment of the Royal Society of New South Wales. Society exists "for the encouragement of study and investigation in science, art, literature, and philosophy". It is based in a terrace house in Darlington owned by the University of Sydney. Sydney Observatory Building was built in 1859 and used for astronomical and meteorological research until 1982 before being converted into a museum.
The Museum of Contemporary Art opened in 1991 and occupies an Art Deco building on Circular Quay. The collection was founded in 1940 by artist and art collector John Power and has been managed by the University of Sydney. Another important art institution in Sydney is the New South Wales Art Gallery which coordinates the coveted Archibald Prize for portraiture. Contemporary art galleries are found in Waterloo, Surry Hills, Darlinghurst, Paddington, Chippendale, Newtown, and Woollahra.
Entertainment
Sydney's first commercial theater opened in 1832 and another nine have started performing in the late 1920s. The live media lost much of its popularity to the cinema during the Great Depression before experiencing a revival after World War II. The city's leading theaters today include the State Theater, the Royal Theater, Sydney Theater, the Wharf Theater and the Capitol Theater. Sydney Theater Company maintains a list of local, classical, and international dramas. It sometimes features Australian theater icons such as David Williamson, Hugo Weaving, and Geoffrey Rush. Other leading theater companies in the city are the New Theater, Belvoir, and Griffin Theater Company.
Sydney Opera House is home to Opera Australia and Sydney Symphony. It has staged over 100,000 performances and received 100 million visitors since it opened in 1973. Two other important venues in Sydney are Town Hall and City Recital Hall. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music is located adjacent to the Royal Botanic Garden and serves the Australian music community through the biennial Australian Music Examinations Board education and Exams.
Many authors originate and organize their work in Sydney. This city is the headquarters for the first newspaper published in Australia, Sydney Gazette . Watkin Tench's An Expedition Narrative to Botany Bay (1789) and Complete Completion Account at Port Jackson in New South Wales (1793) remains the most famous account of life in early Sydney. Since the beginning of the foundation, much of Sydney's literature cares for life in slums and working class communities, especially William Lane's The Working Man's Paradise (1892), Christina Stead's Seven Poor Men of Sydney (1934) and Ruth Park's The Harp in the South (1948). The first Australian-born novelist, Louisa Atkinson, organizes her novels in Sydney. Contemporary writers, such as Elizabeth Harrower, were born in the city and thus organize most of the work there - Harrower's debut book Down in the City (1958) was installed in King's Cross apartment. Well-known contemporary novels set in the city include Melina Marchetta Find Alibrandi (1992), Peter Carey 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (1999), JM Coetzee Diary of the Bad Year (2007) and Kate Grenville's The Secret River (2010). The Sydney Writers' Festival is held annually between April and May.
Filming in Sydney was quite productive until the 1920s when oral films were introduced and American production gained dominance in Australian cinemas. The Australian New Wave of film making saw a resurgence in film production in the city - with many important features shot in the city between the 1970s and 80s, led by directors like Bruce Beresford, Peter Weir and Gillian Armstrong. Fox Studios Australia started production in Sydney in 1998. Successful films taken in Sydney since then include The Matrix , La
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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