California wine has a long and sustainable history, and by the end of the twentieth century it is recognized as the production of some of the world's best wines. While wine is made in all fifty US states, up to 90% (according to some estimates) American wine is produced in the state. California will become the fourth largest wine producer in the world if it is independent.
Video History of California wine
History
Initial years
Despite contradictory accounts, the first vine planting was probably done by Spanish Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino at Mission San Bruno in Baja California in 1683 implanting the first variety named "MisionÃÆ'Â ro." In 1779, Franciscan missionaries under the direction of Spanish Father JunÃÆ'pero Serra planted California's first vineyard in Mission San Diego de AlcalÃÆ'¡. Father Serra founded eight other California missions. Therefore, he is referred to as "The Father of California Wine". The variety he planted, probably of Spanish origins, was known as Mission wines and dominated California wine production until about 1880.
"The oldest vineyard in California is the San Jose vineyard located under mountains in Santa Barbara county, between GolÃÆ'Â © ta and the San Marcos Pass.It belongs to the Church until 1853, when sold by the Archbishop of the Los Angeles diocese into an old pioneer eccentric named James McCaffrey, who, with his sons, now grows old vines, produces every year some 8,000 gallons of the best vintage.One of the weirdest things to mention about this ancient vineyard is this: it has not been plowed or cultivated for 30 years , this produced a good harvest of wild grain for years from year to year, but no plow was allowed to disturb the land. The old man refused to explain how he never failed to have a full harvest while his neighbor here was not there. here on the side of an old adobe old building is a winery that starts near the door, divides and sends branches in that direction opposite, and after making the building circuit, over 100 feet, both ends have gra together, forming a complete circle around the building.
Beginning in the early 1800s, commercial viticulture in California was mostly based in Southern California. The documented European wine wine imported wine in California was grown in Los Angeles in 1833 by Jean-Louis Vignes, the first commercial wine maker in the state. William Wolfskill, another major early wine maker in California, bought his first vineyard in 1838 in the Los Angeles area. In 1858 he had 55,000 vines on 145 hectares. Vignes and Wolfskill were the two major figures in California wine making in the 1830s and 1840s. Their success attracts others and increases interest in wine cultivation in Southern California.
The California Gold Rush (1848-1855) had a major influence on California's geography, economy, and wine history. Gold Rush brought the influx of people to Northern California, many of whom arrived and settled in San Francisco (whose population grew from 1,000 to 25,000 between January 1848 and December 1849). This resulted in a significant increase in wine demand and spurred wine production in areas within 100 miles of San Francisco. The 1850s saw planting and wine production thrive in many parts of Northern California, including Sutter County, Yuba County, Butte County, Trinity County, El Dorado County, Lake County, Napa County, Sonoma County, Merced and Stockton. Many of these are still the main centers of cultivation and wine production.
In the 1850s and 1860s, Agoston Haraszthy, a Hungarian warrior, merchant, and promoter, made several trips to import cuttings from 165 of Europe's largest vineyards to California. Some of these efforts are at his personal expense and some through grants from the state. Considered one of California's founders of the wine industry, Haraszthy contributed enthusiasm and optimism to the future of wine, along with considerable personal effort and risk. He founded Buena Vista Winery and promoted grape cultivation in most of Northern California. He dug the vast caves to save, promoted the planting on the hillside, fostered the idea of ​​irrigated vineyards and suggested redwoods to the vats when wood supplies ran out.
As home to Buena Vista wineries, California's oldest wine mills, and Gundlach Bundschu winery, California's oldest wine grinder, Sonoma Valley is known as the birthplace of the California wine industry.
Although George Yount planted a small vineyard in Napa Valley in the mid-1830s, John Patchett planted the first commercial vineyard in Napa Valley in 1854 and founded the first winery there in 1858. In 1861, Charles Krug who previously worked for Agoston Haraszthy and Patchett founded his wine factory in St. Petersburg. Helena and start making her own wine. Originally a Prussian political dissident, Krug learned vintner trade as an apprentice for Haraszthy in Sonoma Valley. The land where Krug founded his wine was part of his wife's dowry (Carolina Bale). Krug became an important wine-making leader in Napa Valley. He was also a mentor to Karl Wente, Charles Wetmore and Jacob Beringer, all of whom became important vintners.
In 1863, native American wine species were brought to the Botanical Gardens in England. This cuttings carry a species of root louse called phylloxera that attacks and eats the roots and leaves of the vine. Phylloxera is a native of North America and the original grape varieties have developed resistance. European vines do not have such evolutionary protection. By 1865, phylloxera had spread to vines in Provence. Over the next 20 years, he inhabited and destroyed virtually all vineyards in Europe. Many methods are trying to eradicate phylloxera but everything is proven temporary and nothing is economical.
Finally Thomas V. Munson, a horticulturalist in Texas, suggested grafting European vinifera vines to American oyster roots. So start a long, tiring process of grafting every vine in Europe to American roots. Only in this way can European wine industry be taken away from extinction.
In 1879 Captain Gustave Niebaum founded Inglenook Winery in Rutherford, California, a small village (in Napa County, California). This is the first Bordeaux-style wine in the United States. Captain Niebaum's wine became famous in the world. His Inglenook win won a gold medal at the World's Fair of Paris in 1889.
During the period when the Europeans were competing with the phylloxera, the American wine industry was flourishing. In 1900, America had a thriving and prolific commercial wine-making business. Many California wines receive medals in European competition. California wine barrels are regularly exported to Australia, Canada, Central America, England, Germany, Mexico, and Asia.
Prohibition
The destruction of the American wine industry will come not from phylloxera but from the Prohibition in the United States. Thirty-three countries had dried up at the outbreak of World War I. The War Prohibition was imposed in 1919, followed by the National Prohibition of Volstead and the 18th Amendment of the US Constitution in 1920, prohibiting the "manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquor. "
Through a gap that allows every home "to make 200 gallons of fruit juice and fruit juice is not intoxicating per year," thousands of law-abiding citizens become the home of wine makers and liquor makers. Prices for fresh grapes are soaring, due to the increasing demand and lack of freight trains of freight cars to send them.
The growers began to replant a variety of fine vineyards for a variety of well-delivered wine varieties. Massive planting resulted in a constant surplus of poor quality wines that lasted until 1971.
At the time of the National Revocation, effective December 5, 1933, the industry was destroyed. Although some wineries managed to survive by getting permission to make wine used for the purpose of drug additives, sacramental and non-beverages, production fell 94% from 1919 to 1925.
Revoke
Even after the Prohibition of the Restrictions, some countries remain dry: Kansas until 1948, Oklahoma until 1957, and Mississippi until 1966. Seventeen countries chose to set up a limited-choice monopolist beverage. Today 10% of the US territory and 6% of the population remain dry.
Anticipate Revocation, speculators and others soon flood the legal market with wine made quickly and badly. Dilettantes publishes books and articles that warn Americans about the rigid rules to follow to serve the right wine with the right food from the right glass at the right temperature. Faced with a low quality product that risks making a social mistake and remains unsure about any social acceptance of alcohol, most Americans stay away.
The only well-sold wine group is a fortified dessert wine. Taxed with lower wine levels than distilled alcohol, but with 20% alcohol, this group makes the cheapest available liquor. Before 1920, table wines accounted for 3 of every 4 gallons sent. After 1933, the enriched wine was 3 out of every 4 gallons sent. It was not until 1968 that the sale of table wines ended up beating the enriched wine, regaining the status of the most popular wine category.
Prior to 1920, there were over 2,500 commercial wineries in the United States. Less than 100 survived as a wine-making operation until 1933. By 1960, that number had risen to just 271. California had 713 wineries tied before the Prohibition; it took more than half a century, until 1986, before that many were back in operation.
The prohibition of leaving an inheritance distorts the role of alcohol in American life and destroys the new world-class wine industry, which takes decades to overcome. Research at the University of California at Davis and Fresno State University greatly helped a new generation of vintners who arrived in California in the 1960s and who are committed to producing the highest standards of international wine.
The wine revolution
Andrà ©  © Tchelistcheff is generally believed to usher in a modern era of wine-making in California. The founder and owner of Beaulieu Vineyards (BV), Georges de Latour, hired Tchelisticheff in 1938. He introduced several new techniques and procedures, such as old wine in french barrel, cold fermentation, frost prevention of vineyards, and malolactic fermentation.
Brother Timothy; a member of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian School is also instrumental in the creation of the modern wine industry. Having previously worked as a teacher, he moved to the order of Mont La Salle located at Mount Veeder in the Mayacamas Mountains west of Napa in 1935 to become a wine chemist for a widespread wine operation. The Christian Brothers has been growing grapes since 1882 making wine in Martinez, California. During Prohibition they legally make sacramental wine. In 1932, they moved to Napa, and returned to the commercial production of wine and brandy after the lifting of the Prohibition. Science teacher is a fast learner and soon founded Christian Brothers as one of the leading brands in the country's growing wine industry; Timothy's smiling face in advertising and promotional material became one of the most familiar pictures for wine consumers across the country.
In 1965, Napa Valley icon Robert Mondavi broke away from the Charles Krug family home to find his home in Oakville, California. This is the first large-scale winery to be erected in the valley since before the ban. After Mondavi's establishment, the number of vineyards in the valley continues to grow, as does the reputation of the region.
Some Californian wine makers are starting to produce quality wines but still have trouble marketing them. Frank Schoonmaker, a leading journalist and wine writer from the 1950s and 1960s introduced the German idea of ​​labeling grapes using varieties ( Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Riesling ) rather than the semi-generic names borrowed from the famous European region ( Burgundy, Chablis, Rhine , etc.). Robert Mondavi was the first to label most of his wines in various names and was relentless in promoting the practice.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the quality of some wine vintners was amazing but few were noticed. On May 24, 1976, a blind show was held in Paris with a panel made exclusively by French wine experts. After comparing six California Chardonnays with four French Chardonnays, three of the top four are California. Six of the nine highest ranked judges of Chateau Montelena; Chalone Vineyard is on the third and fourth Spring Mountain Vineyard. When the reds are evaluated, Stag's Leap Wine Cellars is ranked number one. This competition, now known as the "Paris Judgment", focuses much attention on wine from the Napa Valley.
The red wine that was evaluated in 1976 was put into two different snacks (French Culinary Institute, Wine Tasting of 1986 and Wine Spectator Wine Tasting of 1986) and also at The Wine Rematch of the Century. In all retastings, California's red was first picked, while French wine lost positions in the rankings.
In the new Oz Clarke Wine Encyclopedia , Mr. Clarke writes that California is a catalyst and then a locomotive for change that ultimately appreciates opening up the ancient European wineland's rugged grip on the hierarchy of grape quality and leading the way to prove that there are hundreds and even thousands of places around the world where fine to large wines can be made. "He observed that" until California's pioneering modern exploits in the 1960s and 70s, no one has ever challenged European rights, and in particular, the vineyard of France, to be considered the single greatest source of wine in the world.. "
Fred Franzia and his Bronco Wine Company have caused a new wave in California's wine marketing business. The cheap-priced Charles Shaw wine sold exclusively by Trader Joe's market along with other company labels has attracted new start-up customers to multiply but also has alienated many of the smaller vintners in the state by putting some downward pressure on prices.
The new area, producing award-winning wines, has entered the California wine industry, including the Temecula Valley wine country in the south, the Santa Ynez valley on the central coast, and in the Red Hills Lake County to the north.
In the early 21st century, the vintners began to revive the varieties of heritage grapes, such as Trousseau Gris and ValdiguiÃÆ'Â ©.
Maps History of California wine
California California Immigration and wine industry
The California wine industry has a long history of hiring migrant workers to tended to vineyards and assisting in the harvest. Its proximity to Mexico has opened up the possibility for some workers who are classified as undocumented or illegal. Karen Ross, president of the California Association of Winegrowers, estimates that in 2007 the number could reach 70% of employees in the California wine industry may be illegal. The new immigration rules announced by the Department of Homeland Security require all employers to fire illegal workers or pay a fine of up to $ 10,000 for each violation. In August, following a lawsuit by the AFL-CIO union, a federal judge placed a restraining order on the imposition of new regulations pending further review. Industry experts predict substantial changes will come to the California wine industry as a result of changes in labor legislation and immigration that will result in higher prices for consumers in the public market.
See also
- Wine Factory in California
- California culinary wine
- Globalization of wine
- The Wine Institute
- The history of California bakery
References
Further reading
- Clarke, Oz., Oz Clarke's New Wine Encyclopedia . NY: Harcourt Brace, 1999
External links
- Paris Judgment
- Map of California Wine Map
- Southern California wine & amp; Collection of Wine Industry in the Cal Poly Pomona Library Special Collection
- Napa Valley Wine Co. stories and historical documents back. Charles Krug, Jacob Beringer/Beringer Bros., and Cesare/Robert Mondavi (in German)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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