Reykjavík

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ReykjavÃÆ'k ( RAYK -y? -vik, -ve ; Iceland: Ã, ['rei: ca? Vi: k] Ã, (< span> listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland. Located in southwest Iceland, on the southern coast of Faxa Bay. Its latitude is 64 Â ° 08 'N, making it the northernmost capital of the world from a sovereign state. With a population of around 123,300 (and more than 216,940 in the Capital Territory), it is at the heart of Iceland's cultural, economic and governance activities, and is a popular tourist destination.

ReykjavÃÆ'k is believed to be the first permanent residential location in Iceland, which, according to IngÃÆ'³lfur Arnarson, was founded in 874 AD Until the 19th century, there was no urban development at the city site. The city was founded in 1786 as an official trading city and grew steadily over the next few decades, as it transformed into a regional trade center, population, and national and later regional government activities. It is one of the cleanest, greenest, and safest cities in the world.

Video Reykjavík

Histori

The first permanent settlement in Iceland by Norsemen is believed to have been established in ReykjavÃÆ'k by IngÃÆ'³lfur Arnarson of Norway about 870 AD; this is described in LandnÃÆ'¡mabÃÆ'³k , or Book of Settlement. IngÃÆ'³lfur Arnarson is said to have resolved its residential location using the traditional Norse method; he threw the pillars of his high chair (ÃÆ' â € "ndvegissÃÆ'ºlur) into the ocean when he saw the coastline, then settled where the pillars reached the shore. The story of the pillars doubts many people. He obviously lives near hot springs to stay warm in winter and would not have determined by chance. Furthermore, the possibility of the pillars floating to that location from where they are said to have been disposed of from the boat seems unlikely. However that's what Landnamabok says and says further that the Ingolf pillars can still be found in a house right there in town. Steam from hot springs in the region is said to have inspired the name ReykjavÃÆ'k, which is loosely translated to Smoke Cove (the city is sometimes referred to as Bay of Smoke or Smoky Bay in English travel guide). In modern languages, as in English, the word for 'smoke' and the word for steamy fog or steam is generally not confusing but this is believed to have occurred in the old language. The original name is ReykjavÃk r vÃÆ'k with an additional "r" that disappeared around 1800.

The area of ​​Reykjavà adalahk was agricultural land until the 18th century. In 1752, the King of Denmark, Frederik V, donated the ReykjavÃÆ'k estates to the Innrà © Ã… ttingar Corporation; the name comes from the Danish word indretninger , which means the institution. The leader of this movement is SkÃÆ'ºli MagnÃÆ'ºsson. In the 1750s, several homes were built to become the home of the wool industry, which is the most important workplace for ReykjavÃÆ'k for decades and the original reason for its existence. Other industries are done by InnrÃÆ' ttingar, such as fishery, sulfur mining, agriculture, and shipbuilding.

The Danish kingdom abolished monopoly trade in 1786 and gave six communities across the country an exclusive trade charter. ReykjavÃÆ'k is one of them and the only one who holds the charter permanently. 1786 is considered as the date of establishment of the city. Trade rights are limited to the subject of the Danish Kingdom, and Danish traders continue to dominate trade in Iceland. Over the next few decades, their business in Iceland expanded. After 1880, free trade extended to all countries, and the influence of Iceland merchants began to grow.

The rise of nationalism

Icelandic nationalist sentiments gained influence in the 19th century, and the idea of ​​Iceland's independence became widespread. ReykjavÃÆ'k, as the only city in Iceland, is central to such ideas. Proponents of an independent Iceland realize that strong Reykjavik is fundamental to that goal. All the important events in the history of the struggle for independence are also important for ReykjavÃ.k. In 1845 AlÃÆ'¾ingi, a general assembly formed in 930 AD, was re-established in Reykjavà ;k; it has been suspended several decades earlier when it was located in ÃÆ'žingvellir. At that time serves only as advisory council, advising the King of Icelandic affairs. The location of AlÃÆ'¾ingi in ReykjavÃÆ'k effectively established the city as the capital of Iceland.

In 1874, Iceland was given the constitution; Hence, AlÃÆ'¾ingi gains limited legislative powers and essentially becomes the institution it is today. The next step is to move most of the executive power to Iceland: the Home Rule was granted in 1904 when the Icelandic Minister's office was established in ReykjavÃÆ'k. The biggest step towards an independent Iceland was taken on December 1, 1918 when Iceland became a sovereign country under the Danish Crown, Kingdom of Iceland.

In the 1920s and 1930s, most of the growing fleet of Iceland fishing fishing boats sailed from ReykjavÃÆ'k; cod production is the main industry, but the Great Depression hits ReykjavÃÆ'k hard with unemployment, and trade union struggles are sometimes violent.

World War II

On the morning of May 10, 1940, after the German occupation of Denmark and Norway on April 9, 1940, four British warships approached ReykjavÃÆ'k and docked at the harbor. Within hours, the occupation of the ally of Reykjavkk was completed. There was no armed resistance, and the taxi drivers and trucks even helped the invading forces, which initially had no motor vehicle. The Icelandic government has received many requests from the British government to approve the occupation, but has always been denied under the Neutrality Policy. During the rest of the year World War II, British and then American soldiers occupied camps in ReykjavÃÆ'k, and the number of foreign troops in ReykjavÃÆ'k became almost the same as the locals in the city. The Royal Canadian Regiment formed part of a garrison in Iceland during the early part of the war.

The economic effects of the occupation were positive for ReykjavÃÆ'k: unemployment The years of Depression disappeared, and construction work began. The British government built Reykjavà Bandarak Airport, which still operates to date, mostly serving domestic flights. America, meanwhile, built KeflavÃÆ'k Airport, located 50 km (31 mi) west of Reykjavà ,k, which became the main international airport of Iceland. In 1944, the Republic of Iceland was established and a president, elected by the people, replaced the King; presidential offices are stationed in ReykjavÃÆ'k.

Postwar development

In the postwar years, the growth of Reykjavà meningkat increased. The exodus from the countryside began, especially as technological improvements in agriculture reduced the need for labor, and because of the population explosion caused by better living conditions in the country. A once primitive village quickly turned into a modern city. Private cars became common, and modern apartment complexes increased in the expanding suburbs.

In 1972, ReykjavÃÆ'k held a world chess championship between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky. The 1986 ReykjavÃÆ'k Summit between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev underscores the international status of ReykjavÃÆ'k. Deregulation in the financial sector and the computer revolution in the 1990s again changed Reykjavik. The financial and IT sector is now a significant employer in the city. The city has cultivated several world-renowned talents in recent decades, such as BjÃÆ'¶rk, ÃÆ' "Arnalds and MÃÆ'ºm lyrics, Sigur RÃÆ'³s and Of Monsters and Men, SjÃÆ'³n poet and visual artist Ragnar Kjartansson.

Maps Reykjavík

Geography

ReykjavÃÆ'k is located in southwest Iceland. The coastline of the Reykjavík region is characterized by peninsulas, small bays, straits, and islands.

During the Ice Age (up to 10,000 years ago) a large glacier covered the parts of the city, reaching for ÃÆ' lftanes. Other parts of the city area are covered by sea water. In the warmer and late periods of the Ice Age, some hills like ÃÆ'â € "skjuhlÃÆ'ÃÆ'Â ° are the islands. Previous sea surfaces are indicated by sediments (with shells) reaching (in ÃÆ'Â € "skjuhlÃÆ'ÃÆ'Â ° °, for example) as far as 43 m (141Ã ft) above the current sea level. The hills of ÃÆ'â € "skjuhlÃÆ'ÃÆ'Â ° and SkÃÆ'³lavÃÆ'¶rÃÆ'Â ° Uholt appear to be the remnants of the former active volcanic eruptions during the warm periods of the Ice Age. After the Ice Age, the ground rises when heavy loads of heavy glaciers are released, and begin to look like now.

The capital region continues to be formed by an earthquake and volcanic eruption, as 4,500 years ago in the Blaáfjöll mountains, when the valley descends the ElliÃÆ'Â ° aa valley to the sea at ElliÃÆ'Â ° avogur bay.

The largest river that runs through ReykjavÃÆ'k is the ElliÃÆ'Â ° aa, which can not be navigated. This is one of the best salmon fish in the country. Mount Esja, at 914 m (2,999 ft), is the highest mountain around ReykjavÃÆ'k.

The city of Reykjavök is largely located on the Seltjarnarnes peninsula, but the suburbs extend far to the south and east. ReykjavÃÆ'k is a dispersed city: most urban areas consist of low-density suburbs, and homes are usually very large. The external housing environment is also distant from each other; among them is the main traffic artery and lots of empty space.

Climate

ReykjavÃÆ'k has a subcolar sea climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfc ), which can be classified as a subarctic climate (Dfc). The city is also very close to the tundra climate ( ET ). The heated climate has caused ReykjavÃÆ'k to fall strongly into subctane sea climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfc ) when considering climate data from 2000-2014.

Despite the northern latitudes, temperatures very rarely drop below -15 ° C (5 ° F) in winter. This is because the coastal weather of Iceland in the winter is moderated by the North Atlantic Stream, the extension of the Gulf Stream. The city's coastal location makes it vulnerable to wind, however, and winds are common in the winter. Summer is cool, with temperatures fluctuating between 10 and 15  ° C (50 and 59  ° F), rarely exceeding 20  ° C (68  ° F). ReykjavÃÆ'k averages 147 days at the threshold of 1 mm per year. Drought is rare, although it occurs in some summers. In the summer of 2007, no rain was measured for a month. Summer tends to be the brightest season, though May receives the most sunlight every month. Overall, the city receives about 1,300 annual sun watches, which is comparable to other places in Northern Europe and North-West such as Ireland and Scotland. Nevertheless, Reykjavik is one of the coldest and coldest capitals of any country in the world. The highest temperature ever recorded in ReykjavÃÆ'k is 25.7 Ã,  ° C (78Ã,  ° F), recorded on July 30, 2008, while the lowest temperatures ever recorded were -19,7Ã, ° C (-3Ã,  ° ° F), recorded on January 30, 1971.

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Cityscape

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City administration

The ReykjavÃÆ'k City Council organizes the city of ReykjavÃÆ'k and is chosen directly by those over the age of 18 who are domiciled in the city. The Council has 15 members selected using the open list method for a period of four years.

The council elects members of the council, and each council controls a different field under the authority of the city council. The most important board is the City Council which holds executive rights along with the Mayor of the City. The Mayor of the City is a senior public official and also the director of municipal operations. Other public officials control city institutions under the authority of the mayor. Thus, administration consists of two distinct parts:

• The City Council's political power flows to another board
• Public officials under the mayoral authority that administers and manages policy implementation.

Political control

The Independence Party is traditionally the ruling party for the city, having an overall majority from its founding in 1929 to 1978, when it was narrowly lost. From 1978 to 1982, a three-party coalition consisting of the People's Alliance, the Social Democratic Party, and the Progressive Party formed the majority of the council. In 1982, the Independence Party regained most of the seats it held for three consecutive periods. In 1994, Icelandic socialist parties formed an alliance called ReykjavÃÆ'kurlistinn (list-R) led by IngibjÃÆ'¶rg SÃÆ'³lrÃÆ'ºn GÃÆ'sladÃÆ'³ttir to victory. The Alliance stood for election for three consecutive city council elections and won a majority in all of them, until it was dissolved for 2006 city council elections when five different parties were on the ballot. The Independence Party gained seven board members and thus failed to gain overall control, but along with the Progressive Party, and one councilor, they were able to form a new majority on the council that took over in June 2006.

In October 2007 a new majority was formed on the council, consisting of members of the Progressive Party, the Social Democracy Alliance, the Left-Green and F-list (liberal and independent), after controversy over REI, a subsidiary of OR, a city energy company. But three months later the F-list leader formed a new majority along with the Independence Party. ÃÆ' â € Å"lafur F. MagnÃÆ'ºsson, the F-list leader, was elected mayor on 24 January 2008, and in March 2009, the Independence Party will appoint a new mayor. This changed once again on 14 August 2008 when the fourth majority of the term was formed, when the Freedom Party and the Social Democracy Alliance formed a majority, with Hanna Birna KristjÃÆ'¡nsdÃÆ'³ttir becoming mayor.

The City Council election in May 2010 saw a new political party, the Best Party, winning six of the 15 seats and they formed a coalition with the Social Democracy Alliance with comedian JÃÆ'³n Gnarr becoming mayor. In the 2014 election, the Social Democratic Alliance had its best performance but won five seats on the council, while the future of Terang (successor of the Best Party) received two seats and the two sides formed a coalition with the Left-Green and Pirate movement. Both parties received one council member each, respectively. The Independence Party received its worst election with only four seats on the council.

Mayor

Mayor appointed by city council; usually one member of the council is elected, but they can also appoint a mayor who is not a member of the council.

This post was made in 1907 and advertised in 1908. Two applications are accepted, from PÃÆ'¡ll Einarsson, sheriff and city mayor HafnarfjÃÆ'¶rÃÆ' Â ° ur and from Knud Zimsen, city councilor in ReykjavÃk. PÃÆ'¨ll was appointed on May 7 and served as mayor for six years. At that time the city mayor receives a salary of 4,500 ISK per year and 1500 ISK for office expenses. The current mayor is Dagur B. Eggertsson.

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Demographics

ReykjavÃÆ'k is the largest and densest settlement in Iceland. ReykjavÃk is currently a city with people from at least 100 countries. The most common ethnic minorities are Poles, Lithuanians, and Danish. In 2009, individuals born overseas accounted for 8% of the total population. Children from abroad, many of whom were adopted, formed a larger minority in city schools: as many as a third in some places. The city is also visited by thousands of tourists, students and other temporary residents, sometimes exceeding the native population in the city center.

District

ReykjavÃk dibagi menjadi 10 district:

• West (District 1)
• City (District 2,

)
• Hlór (District 3)
• Laugardalur (District 4)
• Hearing and Betting (District 5)
• Breià ° holt (District 6)
• Ã rbúr (District 7)
• Grafarvogur (District 8)
• Kjalarnes (District 9) (di timur laut)
• Grafarholt and ÃÆ'Å¡lfarsÃÆ'¡rdalur (District 10)

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Economy

BorgartÃÆ'ºn is the financial center of ReykjavÃÆ'k, hosting a large number of companies and three investment banks.

ReykjavÃÆ'k has been central to Iceland's economic growth and subsequent economic contractions during the 2000s, a period referred to in foreign media as the "Nordic Tiger" year, or "The Boom of Iceland". The economic boom caused a sharp increase in development, with major rebuilding projects such as the Harp concert hall and conference center and others. Many of these projects are stalled in the following economic crash of 2008.

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Infrastructure

Road

Per capita car ownership in Iceland is one of the highest in the world at around 522 vehicles per 1,000 population, although ReykjavÃÆ'k is not strongly affected by congestion. Some multi-lane highways (especially dual paths) run between the most populous areas and the most frequently driven routes. The parking lot is also plenty in most areas. Public transport consists of a bus system called StrÃÆ'Â|tÃÆ'³ bs. Route 1 (Ring Road) runs through the outskirts of the city and connects the city to the rest of Iceland.

Airports and ports

ReykjavÃÆ'k Airport, the second largest airport in the country (after KeflavÃÆ'k International Airport), is positioned within the city, just south of the city center. It is mainly used for domestic flights, as well as flights to Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Since 1962, there has been some controversy over the location of the airport, because it takes up a lot of valuable space in the center of ReykjavÃ.k.

ReykjavÃÆ'k has two seaports, the old port near the city center mainly used by fishermen and yachts, and SundahÃÆ'¶fn in the eastern city which is the largest cargo port in the country.

Train

There are no public railways in Iceland, due to the rare population, but the locomotives used to build the docks are on display. Proposals have been made for high speed rail links between the city and KeflavÃÆ'k.

District heating

Volcanic activity provides ReykjavÃÆ'k with geothermal heating systems for residential and industrial areas. In 2008, natural hot water was used to heat approximately 90% of all buildings in Iceland. Of total annual geothermal energy usage of 39 PJ, space heating reaches 48%.

Most of the district heating in Iceland comes from three major geothermal power plants:

• Svartsengi combines heat and power plants (CHP)
• CHP Nesjavellir Factory
• Factory HellisheiÃÆ' Â ° i CHP

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Cultural heritage

SafnahÃÆ'ºsiÃÆ'Â ° (House of Culture) opened in 1909 and has a number of important exhibits. Originally built to house National Library and National Archives and also previously the location of the National Museum and Natural History Museum, in 2000 it returned a model to promote the national heritage of Iceland. Many of the national treasures of Iceland are on display, such as the Poetic Edda, and Sagas in their original manuscripts. There are also changes exhibiting various topics.

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Lifestyle

Nightlife

ReykjavÃÆ'k is famous for its weekend nightlife. The Icelanders tend to go late at night, so the bar that looks rather quiet can be filled suddenly - usually after midnight on weekends.

Alcohol is expensive at the bar. People tend to drink at home before going out. Beer was banned in Iceland until 1 March 1989 but has since become popular among many Icelanders as their preferred alcoholic beverage.

There are over 100 different bars and clubs in ReykjavÃÆ'k; most of them are located in Laugavegur and its streets. It's very common for an establishment that is a cafà ©  before dinner to turn into a bar at night. Closing time is usually around 4:30 am on weekends and 1 hour during the week at the most famous hospitality venue.

Live music

Iceland Airwaves music festival is held every year in November. The festival takes place throughout the city, and the Harp concert venue is one of the premier locations. Other places that often host live music events are Kex, HÃÆ'ºrra, Gaukurinn (grunge, metal, punk), Mengi (center for contemporary music, avant-garde music and experimental music), Icelandic Opera and Iceland National Theater for classical music.

New Year's Eve

The arrival of the new year is a special cause for celebration to the people of ReykjavÃk. Iceland's law states that anyone can buy and use fireworks during certain periods around New Year's Eve. As a result, every New Year's Eve is illuminated by fireworks.

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Main view

• AlÃÆ'¾ingishÃÆ'ºsiÃÆ' Â ° - Icelandic parliament building
• AusturvÃÆ'¶llur - a park in the center of ReykjavÃÆ'k surrounded by restaurants and bars
• ÃÆ' rbÃÆ'Â|jarsafn (ReykjavÃk Open Air Museum) - ReykjavÃk Town Museum
• CIA.IS - Icelandic Arts Center - general information on Icelandic visual arts
• HallgrÃÆ'mskirkja - the largest church in Iceland
• Harpa ReykjavÃÆ'k - ReykjavÃk & amp; Conference Center
• HeiÃÆ' Â ° mÃÆ'¶rk - the largest forest and nature reserve in the area
• HÃÆ'¶fÃÆ' Â ° i - home where Gorbachev and Reagan met in 1986 for the Icelandic Summit
• Kringlan - the second largest mall in Iceland
• Laugardalslaug - swimming pool
• Laugavegur - the main shopping street
• National and University Library of Iceland ( ÃÆ'žjÃÆ'³ÃÆ'  ° arbÃÆ'³khlaÃÆ'  ° an )
• National Museum of Iceland ( ÃÆ'žjÃÆ'³ÃÆ'  ° minjasafniÃÆ'  ° )
• NauthÃÆ'³lsvÃÆ'k - geothermal heated beach
• Perlan - glass dome rests on five water tanks
• RÃÆ'¡ÃÆ' Â ° hÃÆ'ºs ReykjavÃÆ'kur - city hall
• RauÃÆ' Â ° hÃÆ'³lar - a group of red volcano craters
• ReykjavÃÆ'k 871 Â ± 2 - archaeological excavation exhibition of the Viking long house, from about 930
• ReykjavÃÆ'k Art Museum - the largest visual art institute in Iceland
• SafnahÃÆ'ºsiÃÆ'  °, Cultural home, National Center for Cultural Heritage ( ÃÆ'žjÃÆ'³ÃÆ'  ° menningarhÃÆ'ºsiÃÆ'  ° )
• TjÃÆ'¶rnin - pool
• The University of Iceland
• Vikin Maritime Museum - a maritime museum located in the old port

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Recreation

Club Golf Reykjavik didirikan pada 1934. Ini adalah club golf tertua dan terbesar di Islandia. Ini terdiri dari dua course 18-lubang - satu di Grafarholt then yang lainnya di Korpa. Lapangan golf Grafarholt dibuka pada tahun 1963, yang membuatnya lapangan golf 18-lubang tertua di Islandia. Lapangan golf Korpa dibuka pada tahun 1997.

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Pendidikan

Sekolah menengah pertama

• Borgarholtsskóli (Borgó)
• The Fiberboard in Breià ° holt (FB)
• Fjærbrautaskólinn (Iceland)
• Women's Women in ReykjavÃk (Women)
• The School of Education
• Menntaskólinn í Reykjavik (MR)
• Education at HamrahlÃÆ'Â ° (MH)
• The School of Health (MS)
• Technology
• Shopping Cart of Iceland (VerzlÃÆ'³)

Universitas

• Seni Islandia Academy
• ReykjavÃk University
• Universitas Islandia

Sekolah international

• Reykjavik International School

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Tim olahraga

Football

Lainnya

Kota kembar than kota kembar

Reykjavrk is a twin with:

In July 2013, the mayor JÃÆ'³n Gnarr filed a motion before the city council broke off city ties with Moscow, in response to trends in Russian anti-gay legislation. According to The Daily Telegraph , "Mr. Gnarr has long been an advocate for gay rights, appearing in the Gay Pride parade in drag"; in 2009, Iceland was the first modern state to have an open LGBT government head (JÃÆ'³hanna SigurÃÆ'§d ardÃÆ'³ttir, who is a lesbian), and AlÃÆ'¾ingi unanimously legalize same-sex marriage in 2010.

Famous people

See also

• Everything
• Beer Day (Iceland)
• Kringlan
• MenningarnÃÆ'³tt
• Train transport in Iceland
• ReykjavÃÆ'k Green Days

Note

References

External links

• Official website (in Icelandic)

Source of the article : Wikipedia