The city and city written Los Angeles history began with the Mexican colonial city founded by 11 Mexican families known as "Los Pobladores" who set up settlements in Southern California that changed slightly in the three decades after 1848, when California become part of the United States. A much larger change came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885. The "Overlander" flooded, the white Protestant of the Lower Midwest and South. Los Angeles has a strong economic base in agriculture, oil, tourism, real estate, and film. It grows rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Hollywood made this city famous in the world, and World War II brought new industries, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically, the city is quite conservative, with a weak union sector.
Since 1960 growth has slowed - and traffic delays have become famous. LA is a pioneer in the development of expressways because public transport systems are deteriorating. Newcomers, especially from Mexico and Asia, have changed the demographic base since the 1960s. The old industry has declined, including agriculture, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high technology remain strong.
Video History of Los Angeles
Sejarah awal
With 3000 B.C. the area is occupied by people speaking at Hokan from the Milling Stone Age fishing, hunting for marine mammals, and collecting wild seeds. They were subsequently replaced by migrants - probably escaping from a drought in the Great Valley - speaking a Uto-Aztecan language called Tongva. The Tongva people call Los Angeles Yaa territory in Tongva.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards in the 18th century, there were 250,000 to 300,000 indigenous peoples in California and 5,000 in the valley of Los Angeles. Since contact with Europeans, the people who became Los Angeles became known as Gabrielinos and FernandeÃÆ'Â ± os, after the missions associated with them.
The land occupied and used by Gabrielinos covers about four thousand square miles. These include large floodplains rained by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers and southern Channel Islands, including Santa Barbara, San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and the San Nicholas Islands. They are part of a sophisticated trading partner group that includes Chumash to the west, Cahuilla and Mojave to the east, and JuaneÃÆ'Â ± os and LuiseÃÆ'Â ± os to the south. Their trade expanded to the Colorado River and included slavery.
The life of the Gabrielinos is governed by a set of religious and cultural practices that include a belief in a creative supernatural power. They worship the creator god, Chinigchinix, and the virgin female goddess Chukit. Their Great Morning Ceremony is based on belief in the afterlife. In a ritual purification similar to the Eucharist, they drink the tolguache, a hallucinogenic substance made from jimson and saltwater. Their language is called Kizh or Kij, and they practice cremation.
A generation before the arrival of Europeans, Gabrielinos has identified and lived on the best sites for human occupation. The survival and success of Los Angeles will depend heavily on the presence of Gabrielino's close and prosperous village called Yaanga. The inhabitants will give the colonists seafood, fish, bowls, feathers, and baskets. To pay, they will dig a trench, transport water, and provide domestic help. They often mate with Mexican colonies.
Maps History of Los Angeles
Spanish Spanish era 1769-1821
In 1542 and 1602 the first Europeans to visit the area were Capt. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and Captain SebastiÃÆ'¡n VizcaÃÆ'no. It will be 166 years before other Europeans visit this region.
Package for pueblo
Although Los Angeles is a city founded by Mexican families of Sonora, it is the Spanish governor of California who named the settlement.
In 1777 governor Felipe de Neve toured to Alta California and decided to establish a civilian pueblos for military support of presidios. The new Pueblos will reduce the secular power of the mission by reducing their military dependence on them. At the same time, they will promote industrial and agricultural development.
Neve identifies Santa Barbara, San Jose, and Los Angeles as the site for his new pueblos. His plan for them came closely following a series of Spanish city planning laws embodied in the Law of the Indies enacted by King Philip II in 1573. They were responsible for laying the foundations of the region's largest cities, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Tucson, and San Antonio - as well as Sonoma, Monterey, Santa Fe, San Jose, and Laredo.
The Spanish system calls for an open center plaza, surrounded by fortified churches, administrative buildings, and streets arranged in squares, defines a limited-size rectangle for use for agriculture (suertes ) and residence ( solares ).
That is in line with the proper planning - as determined in the Law of the Indies - that Governor Neve founded the pueblo San Jose de Guadalupe, the first township of California, on the plains of Santa Clara on 29 November 1777.
Pobladores
Los Angeles Pobladores ("city dweller") is the name given to 44 original settlers, 22 adults and 22 children from Sonora, who founded the city.
In December, 1777 Viceroy Antonio MarÃÆ'a de Bucareli y UrsÃÆ'ºa and General Commander Teodoro de Croix gave approval for the establishment of a citizenship municipality in Los Angeles and the presidio presidio in Santa Barbara. Croix puts California lieutenant governor Fernando Rivera y Moncada in charge of recruiting colonies for new settlements. He was originally ordered to recruit 55 soldiers, 22 settlers with families and 1,000 heads of livestock including horses for the military. After a grueling search that took him to MazatlÃÆ'¡n, Rosario, and Durango, Rivera y Moncada recruited only 12 settlers and 45 soldiers. Like most urban dwellers in New Spain, they are a mixture of Indian and Spanish backgrounds. The Quechan Revolt killed 95 settlers and soldiers, including Rivera y Moncada. In his book Reglamento , newly baptized Indians no longer live in missions but live in their traditional rancherÃÆ'as . Neve's new plan for an Indian role in her new city drew an instant rejection from mission priests.
The ZÃÆ'ºÃÆ'  ± rib party arrived at the mission on July 18, 1781. As they arrived with smallpox, they were immediately quarantined within a short distance of the mission. Members of other parties will arrive at different times in August. They went to Los Angeles and probably received their land before September.
Establishment
The official date for the establishment of the city was September 4, 1781. The families arrived from Mexico in early 1781, in two groups, and some of them were likely to have worked on land assigned early in the summer.
The first name given to the settlement was disputed. Historian Doyce B. Nunis says that the Spaniards named it "El Pueblo de la Reyna de los Angeles" ("The City of the Angels of Angels"). As proof, he pointed to a map dated 1785, where the phrase was used. Frank Weber, archdiocesan archivist, replied, however, that the names given by the founders were "El Pueblo de Nuestra SeÃÆ'Â ± ora de los Angeles de Porciuncula", or "city of Our Lady of the Angels of Porciuncula." and that the map was wrong.
Initial Pueblo
The town grew when soldiers and other settlers came to town and lived. In 1784 a chapel was built in the Plaza. The pobladores were granted property rights to their land two years later. In 1800, there were 29 buildings surrounding the Plaza, flat-roofed, one-story building with thatched roof made of tulle. By 1821, Los Angeles had grown into an independent farming community, the largest in Southern California.
Each settler received four rectangles of land, suertes , for agriculture, two irrigated plots and two dry ones. When the settlers arrived, the floodplains of Los Angeles were filled with willow trees and oaks. The Los Angeles River flows throughout the year. Wildlife abounds, including deer, antelopes, and black bears, and even occasional grizzly bears. There are lots of wetlands and swamps. Steelhead and salmon are swimming in the river.
The first settlers built a water system consisting of a trench ( zanjas ) that led from the river through the middle of the city and into farmland. Indians are employed to transport fresh drinking water from special pools further upstream. The city was first known as a producer of fine wine. Raising cattle and trading in fat and skin will come later.
Due to the huge economic potential for Los Angeles, India's labor demand is increasing rapidly. Yaanga began to attract the Indians from the islands and as far as San Diego and San Luis Obispo. The village began to look like a refugee camp. Unlike the mission, pobladores pays Indians for their work. In return for their work as agricultural workers, vaqueros, trench diggers, water carriers, and domestic helpers; they are paid with clothing and other items as well as cash and alcohol. The pobladores are exchanged for them for precious sea otters and sealing skins, strainers, trays, baskets, mats and other woven items. This trade greatly contributed to the economic success of the city and the appeal of other Indians to the city.
During the 1780s, the Mission of San Gabriel was subjected to an Indian uprising. The mission has taken over all suitable farms; Indians find themselves abused and forced to work on land they once owned. An Indian young shaman, Toypurina, began to tour the area, preaching against the injustices suffered by his people. He won over four rancherÃÆ'as and led them in an attack on missions at San Gabriel. The soldiers were able to defend the mission, and arrested 17, including the Toypurina.
In 1787, Governor Pedro Fages made "Guidelines for Los Angeles's Pueblo Corporate Guard." The instructions include rules for employing Indians, using no corporal punishment, and protecting Indian rancherÃÆ'as . As a result, Indians find themselves with more freedom to choose between the benefits of missions and puiglo associated rancherÃÆ'as .
In 1795, Sergeant Pablo Cota led an expedition from the Simi Valley through the Conejo-Calabasas region and to the San Fernando Valley. His party visited Francisco Reyes's rancho. They found local Indians working hard as vaqueros and caring for crops. Padre Vincente de Santa Maria traveled with a party and made this observation:
All pagandoms (Indians) love Los Angeles pueblo, rancho Reyes, and trenches (water systems). Here we see nothing but pagans, wrapped in shoes, with sombreros and blankets, and serve as muleteer for settlers and rancheros, so that if it were not for the Gentiles there would be no pueblos or ranches. These pagan Indians are not concerned with missions or missionaries.
Not only economic bonds but also weddings attract many Indians into pueblo life. In 1784 - just three years after its founding - the first recorded marriage in Los Angeles took place. The two sons of settlers Basilio Rosas, Maximo and JosÃÆ'Ã… © Carlos, married two young Indian women, MarÃÆ'a Antonia and MarÃÆ'a Dolores.
Development at Plaza La Iglesia de Nuestra SeÃÆ' Â ± ora de Los ÃÆ' ngeles occurred between 1818 and 1822, mostly with Indian labor. The new church completed the transition planned by Governor Neve from the authority of the mission to the pueblo. The angelinos no longer have to make an 11 mile (18km) journey that waves into Sunday Mass at Mission San Gabriel. In 1820 the route El Camino Viejo was established from Los Angeles, on a mountain to the north and on the west side of San Joaquin Valley on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay.
The Mexican Era, 1821-1848
Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821 was celebrated with great celebrations throughout Alta California. No longer the subject of the king, the people today are ciudadanos , citizens with rights under the law. In the Monterey square, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and other settlements, people swore loyalty to the new government, the Spanish flag was lowered, and the Mexican flag was free.
Independence brings other benefits, including economic growth. There is an appropriate increase in the population as more Indians are assimilated and others come from America, Europe, and other parts of Mexico. Before 1820, there were only 650 people in the pueblo. In 1841, the population nearly tripled to 1,680.
Secularizing the mission
For the rest of the 1820s agriculture and livestock expanded, as did leather and fat trade. The new church has been completed, and the city's political life is flourishing. Los Angeles is separated from the Santa Barbara administration. The trench system that provides water from rivers is rebuilt. Trade and trade increased with the secularization of the California mission by the Mexican Congress in 1833. The vast missionary ground suddenly became available to government officials, ranchers and land speculators. The governor made over 800 land grants during this period, including a grant of more than 33,000 hectares in 1839 to Francisco SepÃÆ'ºlveda which was later developed as the west side of Los Angeles.
Much of this progress, however, passes Indians from traditional villages that are not assimilated into the culture of mestizo. Considered as minors who can not think for themselves, they are increasingly marginalized and freed from their titles of land, often withdrawn into debt or alcohol.
In 1834, the Governor of Pico married Maria Ignacio Alvarado in the Plaza church. Attended by the entire pueblo population, 800 people, plus hundreds of other places in Alta California. In 1835, the Mexican Congress declared Los Angeles a city, making it the official capital of Alta California. It is now the region's leading city.
The same period also saw the arrival of many foreigners from the United States and Europe. They will play an important role in the US takeover. The early California settler, John Bidwell, included some historical figures in his memory of the people he knew in March 1845.
Then there may be two hundred and fifty people, as I recall Don Abel Stearns, John Temple, Captain Alexander Bell, William Wolfskill, Lemuel Carpenter, David W. Alexander; also the Mexicans, Pio Pico (governor), Don Juan Bandini, and others.
Upon arriving in Los Angeles in 1831, Jean-Louis Vignes bought 104 hectares (0.42 km 2 ) land located between the original Pueblo and the banks of the Los Angeles River. He planted a vineyard and prepared to make wine. He named his property El Aliso after centuries-old trees were found near the entrance. The grapes available at the time, from various Missions, were brought to Alta California by the Franciscan Brothers in the late 18th century. They grow well and produce large quantities of wine, but Jean-Louis Vignes is not satisfied with the results. Therefore, he decided to import better vines from Bordeaux: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Sauvignon blanc. In 1840, Jean-Louis Vignes made the first recorded California wine shipments. The Los Angeles market is too small for its production, and he puts deliveries into Monsoon, heading for Northern California. In 1842, he made regular deliveries to Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. In 1849, El Aliso , was California's largest vineyard. Vignes has more than 40,000 vines and produces 150,000 bottles, or 1,000 barrels per year.
May, 1846
In May 1846, the Mexican-American War broke out. Due to Mexico's inability to defend the northern region, California was hit by an invasion. On August 13, 1846, Commodore Robert F. Stockton, accompanied by John C. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, seized the city; The governor of Pico has fled to Mexico. After three weeks of occupation, Stockton left, leaving behind the accredited Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie. The subsequent persecution by Gillespie and his forces caused local forces of 300 locals to force the Americans to leave, ending the first phase of the Battle of Los Angeles. The next small ensuing clash. Stockton regrouped in San Diego and marched north with six hundred troops while Frà © mont marched south from Monterey with 400 soldiers. After a few small battles outside the city, the two forces entered Los Angeles, this time without any bloodshed. AndrÃÆ'  © s Pico responsible; he signed the so-called Treaty of Cahuenga (it was not a treaty) on 13 January 1847, ending California's phase of the Mexican-American War. The Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement, signed on 2 February 1848, ended the war and handed California to the United States.
The transition era, 1848-1870
According to historian Mary P. Ryan, "US troops swept into California with surveyors and swords and quickly translated Spanish and Mexican practices into cartographic representations." Under colonial law, land owned by grant recipients can not be disposed of. This is returned to the government. It is determined that according to U.S. property law, the land owned by the city may be disposed of. Also, the diseÃÆ' Â ± os (property sketch) held by the population does not guarantee ownership in American courts.
California's new military governor Bennett C. Riley decides that land can not be sold that is not on the city map. In 1849, Lieutenant Edward Ord surveyed Los Angeles to confirm and extend city streets. His survey puts the city into the real estate business, creating the first real estate boom and filling his treasury. Street name changed from Spanish to English. Further surveys and road plans replaced preliminary plans for the pueblo with a new civilian center south of the Plaza and the use of new space.
The fragmentation of Los Angeles real estate on the Anglo-Mexican axis has begun. Under the Spanish system, the elite residence of power gathered around the Plaza in the center of the city. In the new American system, power elites will live on the periphery. Minorities emerging, including Chinese, Italian, French, and Russian, joined the Mexicans near the Plaza.
In 1848, the gold found in Coloma first brought thousands of miners from Sonora in northern Mexico on their way to the gold fields. So many of them settled in the northern area of ​​Plaza which became known as Sonoratown .
During the Gold Rush years in northern California, Los Angeles became known as the "Queen of the Cow Counties" for its role in supplying beef and other food to the hungry miners in the north. Among the cattle counties, Los Angeles County has the largest cattle group in the state followed by Santa Barbara and Monterey County.
With the temporary absence of the legal system, the city quickly sank in violation of the law. Many of the New York regiments that were disbanded at the end of the war and assigned to maintain order were thugs and fighters. They roam the streets followed by gamblers, criminals, and prostitutes driven from San Francisco and the mining towns in the north by the Vigilance Committee or the lynch mass. Los Angeles became known as "the hardest and most lawless city west of Santa Fe."
Some residents rejected the new Anglo power by using banditry against gringo. In 1856, Juan Flores threatened Southern California with a full-scale uprising. He was hung in Los Angeles in front of 3,000 spectators. Tiburcio Vasquez, a legend in his own time among Mexican-born inhabitants for his dignity against Anglo, was arrested in Santa Clarita, California on May 14, 1874. He was convicted of two counts of murder by a San Jose jury in 1874, and hung there in 1875.
Los Angeles has several "Vigilance Committee" active during that era. Between 1850 and 1870, the mob performed about 35 lynchings from Mexico - more than four times the amount that occurred in San Francisco. Los Angeles is described as "the most difficult city of all nations." The murder rate between 1847 and 1870 averages 158 per 100,000 (13 murders per year), which are 10 to 20 times the annual murder rate for New York City during the same period.
Fear of violence in Mexico and racially motivated violence that causes them to marginalize the Mexicans, greatly reduces their economic and political opportunities.
John Gately Downey, the seventh California Governor was inducted into office on January 14, 1860, thus becoming the first Governor of Southern California. Governor Downey was born and raised in Castlesampson, County Roscommon, Ireland, and came to Los Angeles in 1850. He was responsible for keeping California at the Union during the Civil War.
The fate of the Indians
In 1836, the village of Yaanga in India was relocated near the future corner of Commercial Road and Alameda. In 1845, relocated again to the current Boyle Heights. With the arrival of Americans, the disease took a big toll on the Indians. Between 1848 and 1880, the total population of Los Angeles changed from 75,050 to 12,500. Self-employed Indians are not allowed to sleep in the city. They face increasingly fierce competition for jobs as more and more Mexicans are moving into the area and taking over the workforce. Those who are wandering or drunk or unemployed are arrested and auctioned as laborers for those who pay their penalties. They are often paid to work with liquor, which only increases their problems.
Los Angeles was founded as an American city on April 4, 1850. Five months later, California was accepted into the Union. Although the Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement requires the US to grant citizenship to Indians in the former Mexican territory, the US can not do so for 80 years. The California Constitution deprives Indians of any protection under the law, regarding them as non-persons. As a result, it is impossible to bring Anglo to court for killing Indians or forcing them to release their property. Anglos concluded that "the quickest and best way to get rid of their (disturbing) presence is by killing them, (and) this procedure is adopted as a standard over the years."
When New England writer and Indian rights activist Helen Hunt Jackson toured the Indian villages of Southern California in 1883, she was shocked by the Anglo racism that lived there. He writes that they treat Indians worse than animals, hunt them for sport, rob their farms, and bring them to the edge of extermination. While the Indians are portrayed by white people for being lazy and unable to move, he finds most of them are hard-working craftsmen and farmers. Jackson's tour inspired him to write his novel in 1884,
Amazingly, the Gabrielino Indians, now called Tongva, also survived. in 2006, Los Angeles Times reported that there were 2,000 of those still living in Southern California. Some organize to protect the burial site and culture. Others try to win federal recognition as a tribe for operating casinos. The city's first newspaper, Star of Los Angeles, was a bilingual publication commenced in 1851.
Industrial expansion and growth, 1870-1913
In the 1870s, Los Angeles was still little more than a 5,000 village. In 1900, there were more than 100,000 city dwellers. Some men actively promote Los Angeles, work to expand it into a big city and make themselves rich. Angelenos set out to recreate their geography to challenge San Francisco with port facilities, railway terminals, banks and factories. The Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles is the first bank established in Los Angeles, founded in 1871 by John G. Downey and Isaias W. Hellman. Rich eastern people who come by tourists recognize growth opportunities and invest heavily in the region.
Much of the Los Angeles area is farmland, with emphasis on cows, dairy products, vegetables, and citrus fruits. After 1945, most of the agricultural land was converted into residential land.
Railway
The city's first train, Los Angeles & amp; San Pedro Railroad, inaugurated in October 1869 by John G. Downey and Phineas Banning. It ran 21 miles (34 km) between San Pedro and Los Angeles.
The city continues to grow at a moderate pace. The railroads finally arrived to connect with the Central Pacific and San Francisco in 1876. The impact was small. Much larger was the impact of the Santa Fe system (through its California Southern Railroad subsidiary) in 1885. The Santa Fe and South Pacific trails provide a direct connection to the East, vigorously competing for businesses with much lower rates, and driving economic growth. Tourists are poured by thousands of people every week, and many are planning to return or move places.
The city still does not have a modern port. Phineas Banning dug a channel out of the San Pedro Bay muddy plain to Wilmington in 1871. The ban had been traced and sent to the locomotive to connect the port to the city. Harrison Gray Otis, founder and owner of the Los Angeles Times, and a number of business associates began the re-establishment of southern California by expanding into a port in San Pedro using the federal dollar.
This puts them at odds with Collis P. Huntington, president of the South Pacific Railroad Company and one of California's "Big Four" investors in the Central Pacific and South Pacific. (The "Big Four" is sometimes counted among the "robber barons" of the Gilded Age). The line reached Los Angeles in 1876 and Huntington directed it to a port in Santa Monica, where Long Wharf was built.
In April 1872, John G. Downey traveled to San Francisco and succeeded in representing Los Angeles in discussions with Collis Huntington about Los Angeles's efforts to bring the South Pacific Railway through Los Angeles.
In 1876, the Newhall railway tunnel located 27 miles (43 km) north of Los Angeles between the town of San Fernando and Stagecoach Stop Station Lyons (now Newhall) was completed, providing the last link from San Francisco to Los Angeles for the train. The 6,940-foot (2,115.3 m) rail tunnel takes one and a half years to complete. More than 1,500 Chinese workers mostly took part in the construction of the tunnel, which began at the southern tip of the mountain on March 22, 1875. Many of them had previous experience working in the Southern Pacific tunnel located at the Tehachapi Pass. Due to the composition of mountain sandstone saturated with water and oil, caves and holes often occur constantly sustained by wood during excavation. The starting location for the north end of the tunnel near Newhall was abandoned because of the frequent cave-ins caused by rocks soaked in oil. The northern end of the tunnel excavation began in June 1875. Water is a constant problem during construction and the pump is used to keep the tunnel from flooding. Workers dug from both the northern and southern ends of the tunnel face to face on July 14, 1876. The bore of each tip is only half an inch from a line with dimensions of 22 feet (6.7 m) tall, 16.5 feet (5.0 m) wide in part down and over 18 feet (5.5 m) across the shoulders. The track was put right after the tunnel excavation was completed and the first train was traversed on 12 August 1876. On 4 September, Charles Crocker told Southern Pacific that the track had been completed on the route between San Francisco and Los Angeles.
The San Pedro troops eventually won (though Banning and Downey needed to divert their trains to the South Pacific). Working in the San Pedro wave breaker began in 1899 and completed in 1910. Otis Chandler and his allies get a change in state law in 1909 that allows Los Angeles to absorb San Pedro and Wilmington, using a long narrow corridor to connect them with the rest of the city. Los Angeles's future disaster called Free Harbor Fight.
In 1898, Henry Huntington and the San Francisco syndicate led by Isaias W. Hellman bought five trolley lines, incorporated them into the Los Angeles Railway ('yellow car') and two years later established the Pacific Electric Railway ('red car'). The Los Angeles Railway serves the city and the Pacific Electric Railway serving other areas. At its peak, Pacific Electric is the largest electrically operated interurban train in the world. Over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of tracks connect Los Angeles with Hollywood, Pasadena, San Pedro, Venice Beach, Santa Monica, Pomona, San Bernardino, Long Beach, Santa Ana, Huntington Beach, and other points and are recognized as the best public transportation system in the world.
Oil discovery
Oil was discovered by Edward L. Doheny in 1892, near the present location of Dodger Stadium. The Los Angeles City Oil Field was the first of many fields in the exploited basin, and in 1900 and 1902, respectively, the Beverly Hills Oil Field and the Salt Lake Oil Field were found just a few miles west of the original find. Los Angeles became an oil production center in the early 20th century, and in 1923 it produced a quarter of the world's total supply; it is still a significant producer, with Wilmington Oil Field having the fourth largest reserve of any field in California.
Populism
At the same time that L.A. Times whipping up the enthusiasm for the Los Angeles expansion also tried to turn it into a free or union-style shop city. Fruit farmers and local traders who opposed Pullman's strike in 1894 then formed the Merchants and Manufacturers Association (M & M) to support L.A. Times anti-union campaign.
The California labor movement, with its power concentrated in San Francisco, has been ignoring Los Angeles for years. That changed, in 1907, however, when the American Labor Federation decided to challenge the open shop "City Otis."
In 1909, city fathers placed a ban on speaking freely from public and private streets except for Plaza. Locals claim that it has become an Open Forum forever. The area is of particular concern to owners of L.A. Kali, Harrison Gray Otis and his son-in-law Harry Chandler.
This conflict came to a head with the bombing of the Times in 1910. Two months later, Llewellyin Iron Works near the plaza was bombed. A hasty encounter is called the Chamber of Commerce and the Manufacturers Association. The L.A. The Times writes: "radical and practical things are considered), and the steps taken for such adjustments are sufficient to cope with a situation that is slowly recognized as the most bleak that has ever faced Los Angeles."
The authorities accused John and James McNamara, both of them linked to the Iron Workers Union, for the bombing; Clarence Darrow, Chicago's famous defense lawyer, represents them.
At the same time McNamara's brothers are waiting for the trial, Los Angeles is preparing for the city election. Job Harriman, ran on a socialist ticket, challenged the founding candidate.
Harriman's campaign, however, is linked to McNamaras's innocence. But the defense had a problem: the prosecution not only had evidence of McNamaras's involvement, but had trapped Darrow in a clumsy attempt to bribe one of the jurors. On December 1, 1911, four days before the final election, McNamaras filed a guilty plea in exchange for a prison sentence. Harriman lost badly.
On Christmas Day, 1913, the police tried to break the 500 IWW rally that took place at the Plaza. Facing resistance, police wade the crowd attacking them with their club. One citizen was killed. As a result, authorities sought to impose martial law amid rising protests. Seventy-three people were arrested in connection with the riots. The City Council introduced new measures to control public discussion. The Times blames all foreign elements even calling spectators and taco sellers as "subversive cultures."
Store campaigns are open steadily from strength to strength, though not without facing opposition from workers. In 1923, the Industrial Workers of the World had made great progress in organizing the longshoremen in San Pedro and leading around 3,000 people to quit the job. With support from L.A. The Times, a special "Red Team" was formed at the Los Angeles Police Department and captured so many strikes that the city jail was soon filled.
Around 1,200 dock workers were corrected on a special footing at Griffith Park. The L.A. The Times writes that "stockade and forced labor are good medicine for IWW terrorism." Public meetings were banned in San Pedro, Upton Sinclair was arrested at Liberty Hill in San Pedro for reading the US Human Rights Act about the personal ownership of a supporter of the strike (the officer who arrested told him "we will not have" the Constitution ") and the capture of quilts was done at union meetings. The strike ended after members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Legion stormed IWW Hall and attacked the men, women and children who met there. The strike was defeated.
Los Angeles developed another industry in the early 20th century when the East Coast filmmaker moved there. The new employers are also afraid of unions and other social movements: during Sinclair's Upton campaign for the California governor under the banner of the "End Poverty In California" movement (EPIC), Louis B. Mayer transforms MGM's Culver City studio into a headquarters that does not official. from an organized campaign against EPIC. MGM produced fake news interviews with mustachioed actors with Russian accents voicing their enthusiasm for the EPIC, along with a recording that focused on the bum casting center on the California border waiting to get in and live off the bounty of its taxpayers once Sinclair was elected. Sinclair is gone.
Los Angeles also acquired another industry in the years before World War II: the garment industry. Originally devoted to regional merchandise such as sportswear, the industry eventually grew to become the second largest garment production center in the United States.
Progressive
Immigrants who arrive in the city to find work sometimes bring with them the spirit and revolutionary idealism of their homeland. These include anarchists such as Russia's Emma Goldman and Ricardo Flores MagÃÆ'³n and his brother Enrique from Partido Liberal Mexicano . They then joined the socialist candidate for the mayor of Job Harriman, the Chinese revolutionary, the Upton Sinclair novelist, the Wobblies, and the Socialist and Communist workers organizations such as Japanese-American Karl Yoneda and born New Yorker Meyer Baylin in Russia. The Socialists were the first to set up soap boxes at the Plaza, which would serve as a location for protests, demonstrations and riots when the police tried to disperse the meeting.
Unions began to make progress in organizing these workers when the New Deal arrived in the 1930s. The influential strike was the Los Angeles Garment Workers Strike of 1933, one of the first strikes in which Mexican immigrant workers played an important role for union recognition. The unions made greater gains in the war years, as Los Angeles grew.
Today, the urban ethnicity and political progressive views around West Hollywood and Hollywood have made Los Angeles a strong united city. However, many garment workers in central LA, who are mostly Mexican immigrants, still work in sweat shop conditions.
Los Angeles River Battle
The Los Angeles River flows clean and fresh throughout the year, supporting 45 Gabrielino villages in the area. The source of the river is an aquifer under the San Fernando Valley, which is supplied with water from the surrounding mountains. The rise of the underground base at Glendale Narrows (near Griffith Park today) squeezes water to the surface at that point. Then, for most of the year, the river emerges from the valley running through the floodplains as far as 20 miles (32 km) to the sea. This area also provides rivers, lakes, and other artesian wells.
Early settlers were slightly discouraged by the diverse and unpredictable weather in the region. They watched helplessly as the long drought weakened and infuriated their livestock, only to be drowned and carried by a violent storm. During the little rainy years, people will build too close to the river bed, only to see their homes and barns then swept into the sea during the flood. The location of Los Angeles Plaza must be moved twice since it was built too close to the bottom of the river.
Worse, the flood will change the course of the river. When the settlers arrived, the river joined Ballona Creek for exile in Santa Monica Bay. The mighty storm of 1835 turned his way to Long Beach, where he lived today.
Early citizens can not even maintain a bridge over the river from one side of the city to the other. After the American takeover, the city council spent $ 20,000 for the contractor to build a wooden bridge across the river. The first storm to come invade the bridge, use it as a breaker to break through the embankment, and scatter the wood into the sea.
Some concentrated rainfall in US history has occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. On April 5, 1926, a rain gauge at San Gabriels was collected an inch in a minute. In January 1969, more water fell in San Gabriels in nine days than New York City in a year. In February 1978, almost a foot of rain fell within 24 hours, and in one blast, one and a half inches in five minutes. This storm caused huge debris to flow throughout the area, one of them digging the corpses in the Verdugo Hills Cemetery and depositing it in the city below. The others removed the small town of Hidden Springs in the tributary Big Tujunga , killing 13 people.
The largest recorded daily rainfall in California was 26.12 inches on January 23, 1943 at Hoegees near Mt. Wilson in the San Gabriel Mountains. Fifteen other stations reported more than 20 inches in two days from the same storm. Another forty-five reported 70 percent of the average annual rainfall in two days.
The conspiracy between city and district governments delayed any response to floods until a violent storm in 1938 flooded Los Angeles and Orange Counties. The federal government stepped in. To transfer the floodwater to the sea as soon as possible, the Army Engineer Corps opens the riverbed and its tributaries. The corps also built several dams and water containers in the canyon along the San Gabriel Mountains to reduce the flow of debris. It's a big project, it takes years to complete.
Today, the Los Angeles River serves primarily as flood control. A drop of rain that falls in the San Gabriel Mountains will reach the sea faster than the automatic car. In today's rainstorms, the volume of the Los Angeles River in Long Beach can be as great as the Mississippi River in St. Louis. Louis.
Drilling of wells and water pumping from the San Fernando Valley aquifer drained the river in the 1920s. In 1980, the aquifer supplied drinking water to 800,000 people. In that year, it was discovered that the aquifers had been contaminated. Many wells are closed, because the area qualifies as a Superfund site
Water from a distance
During the first 120 years, the Los Angeles River supplies the city with plenty of water for homes and farms. It is estimated that the annual flow can support the city with 250,000 people - if the water is managed properly. But Angelinos is one of the most wasteful water users in the world. In semi-arid climates, they forever watered their lawns, gardens, gardens, and vineyards. Then, they will need more to support the growth of trade and manufacturing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city realized that it would quickly tackle the river and needed a new water source.
Legitimate concerns about water supplies are used to gain support for major engineering and legal efforts to bring more water into the city and allow for further development. The city fathers have their eyes on the Owens River, about 250 miles (400 km) northeast of Los Angeles in Inyo County, near the state line of Nevada. It is a permanent flow of fresh water flowed by melting snow in the eastern Sierra Nevada. It flows through the Owens River Valley before emptying itself into the shallow and salty Owens Lake, where it evaporates.
Sometime between 1899 and 1903, Harrison Gray Otis and his successor son-in-law, Harry Chandler, engaged in a successful attempt to buy cheap land in the northern suburbs of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley. At the same time, they sought the help of William Mulholland, chief engineer of the Los Angeles Air Department (then the Los Angeles Water and Electricity Department or LADWP), and J.B. Lippencott, of the United States Reclamation Service.
Lippencott conducted a water survey in the Owens Valley for the Service while secretly receiving a salary from the City of Los Angeles. He managed to persuade Owens Valley farmers and water companies together to unite their interests and hand over 200,000 acres (800 km²) of water rights to Fred Eaton, Lippencott's agent and former Los Angeles mayor. Lippencott later resigned from the Reclamation Service, took a job with the Los Angeles Water Department as an assistant to Mulholland, and submitted a map of the Reclamation Service, field survey and flow measurements to the city. These studies serve as a basis for designing the world's longest water canal.
In July 1905, The Times began to warn Los Angeles voters that the county would soon dry up unless they chose a bond to build a water channel. Artificial drought conditions are created when water flows into sewers to reduce supply in reservoirs and residents are prohibited from watering their lawns and gardens.
On election day, the people of Los Angeles opted for a $ 22.5 million bond to build waterways from the Owens River and to finance other expenses from the project. With this money, and with a special Congress Act allowing cities to have property beyond their borders, the City acquired the land Eaton earned from Owens Valley farmers and began building waterways. On the opening ceremony of the Los Angeles Aqueduct on November 5, 1913, Mullholland's entire speech was five words: "That's it. Take it."
Boom City, 1913-1941
Hollywood
Hollywood has been synonymous around the world with the film industry for over a hundred years. It was incorporated as Hollywood City in 1903 but merged into LA in 1910. In the 1900s Jewish filmmakers from New York found a sunny, temperate climate better suited to shoot locations throughout the year. It's booming into the cinematic heart of the United States, and has been the home and workplace of actors, directors and singers ranging from small and independent to world-famous, leading to the development of the television and music industry.
Important event
Swimming pool desegregation The end for racial segregation in the city's swimming pool was ordered in the summer of 1931 by a High Court Judge after Ethel Prioleau sued the city, complaining that he as a negro was not allowed to use the swimming pool near Exposition Park but must travel 3.6 miles to the designated "negro swimming pool".
The Summer Olympics Los Angeles hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, opened in May 1923 with a seating capacity of 76,000, was enlarged to accommodate over 100,000 spectators for the Olympic Games. It's still used by the USC Trojans football team. Olympic Boulevard, a major road, honored the event.
Griffith Park Fire The devastating flames on October 3, 1933, killed 29 people and injured 150 other workers cleaning brushes at Griffith Park.
Annexation and consolidation
The city of Los Angeles remained largely in the original 28 square miles (73Ã, kmÃ, ²) until the 1890s. The original city limits are seen even today in the layout of the streets that change from the north-south pattern beyond the original land grant to a pattern that shifts approximately 15 degrees east of the longitude in and near the area now known as Downtown. The first major additions to the city are the Highland Park and Garvanza districts in the north, and the South Los Angeles area. In 1906, Port of Los Angeles approval and changes in state law allowed the city to annex Shoestring , or Gateway Harbor, a narrow and crooked path that leads from southern Los Angeles toward the Port. The port city of San Pedro and Wilmington was added in 1909 and the city of Hollywood was added in 1910, carrying the city up to 90 square miles (233Ã, kmÃ,²) and giving it a vertical "barbell" shape. Also added that year was Colegrove, a western suburb northwest of the city near Hollywood; Cahuenga, a township northwest of the former city limits; and part of Los Feliz annexed to the city.
The opening of the Los Angeles waterway provides the city with four times more water required, and the offer of water services is a strong attraction for the surrounding community. The city, loaded with great ties and excess water, is locked in customers through annexation by refusing to supply other communities. Harry Chandler, a major investor in San Fernando Valley real estate, uses the Los Angeles Times to promote near-water channel development. With a referendum of the population, 170 square miles (440 km²) of the San Fernando Valley, along with the Palms district, was added to the city in 1915, nearly tripling its territory, mostly heading northwest. For the next seventeen years, dozens of additional annexations brought the city's territory to 450 square miles (1,165 km²) in 1932. (A large number of small annexations brought the total city area to 469 square miles (1,215 km²) in 2004.)
Most of the annexed communities are cities that are not related to the law but the ten combined cities are incorporated into Los Angeles: Wilmington (1909), San Pedro (1909), Hollywood (1910), Sawtelle (1922), Hyde Park (1923) , Eagle Rock (1923), Venice (1925), Watts (1926), Barnes City (1927), and Tujunga (1932).
Civil corruption and police brutality
The business interests of downtown, always wanting to attract business and investment to Los Angeles, also want to keep their city from the criminal world that defines the story of Chicago and New York. Regardless of their concern, massive corruption at the Los Angeles City Hall and Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) - and the fight against it - was the dominant theme in the city's story from the early 20th century to the 1950s.
In the 1920s, for example, it was common practice for mayors, city council members, and lawyers to take donations from madam, liquor maker, and gambler. The mayor's main aide is involved with the protection racket. Thugs with East-Mafia connections are involved in frequent violent conflicts over bootlegging and horse racing. Sister mayor sells a job in LAPD.
In 1933, new mayor Frank Shaw began to award contracts without competitive bids and paid city employees to support crony contractors. Deputy City squads function throughout the city as an enforcer and collector of organized crime of the city, with revenues going to the pockets of city officials all the way to the mayor.
In 1937, Clifton's cafeteria owner downtown, Clifford Clinton led a citizen campaign to clean the town hall. He and other reformers on duty at the Grand Jury are investigating allegations of corruption. In a minority report, the reformers wrote:
A portion of the profits of the underworld have been used in finance campaigns... city and county officials in important positions... [Meanwhile] the county prosecutor's office, the sheriff's office, and the Los Angeles Police Department work in complete harmony and never intrude... an important figure in the underworld.
Police Intelligence Team spies on anyone who is even suspected of criticizing the police. They include journalist Carey McWilliams, district attorney, Judge Bowron, and two District Supervisors.
Clinton's Courage, High Court Judge, then Mayor, Fletcher Bowron, and former L.A.P.D. detective Harry Raymond turned the tide. The police became so nervous that the Intelligence Force detonated Raymond's car and nearly killed him. The public was furious with the bombing that quickly picked Shaw out of the office, one of the first major cities to recall the country's history. The intelligence chief was sentenced and sentenced to two years to live. Police Chief James Davis and 23 other officers were forced to resign.
Fletcher Bowron succeeded Shaw as mayor in 1938 to lead one of the most dynamic periods in the city's history. His "Revival Urban Reform of Los Angeles will bring a big change to the Los Angeles government.
In 1950, he appointed William H. Parker as Chief of Police. Parker pushed for more independence from political pressure that would allow him to create a more professional police force. The public supported him and voted in a charter change that isolated police departments from other governments.
During the 1960s, LAPD was promoted as one of the most efficient departments in the world. But Parker's government will be increasingly accused of police brutality - caused by the recruitment of officers from the South with a strong anti-black and anti-Mexican stance.
The reaction to police brutality resulted in Watt's riots in 1965 and again, after Rodney King beat up, in the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Police brutality demands hit the Department until the late 20th century. In the late 1990s, as a result of the Rampart scandal involving the violation of 70 officers, the federal government was forced to intervene and take over the jurisdiction of the Department with a consent decision. Police reform has since become a major problem faced by the mayors of L.A. recently.
Social critic Mike Davis recently argued that efforts to "revitalize" downtown Los Angeles reduced public space and further alienated the poor and the minority. The forced geographical segregation of this diverse population goes back to the early days of the city.
LAX: Los Angeles International Airport
Field Mine opened as a private airport in 1930 and the city bought it into a municipal airport in 1937. It became a Los Angeles Airport in 1941 and Los Angeles International Airport in 1949. In the 1930s major airport airports were Burbank Airport (later known as Union Air Terminal, and then Lockheed) in Burbank and Grand Central Airport in Glendale. In 1940, all airlines were in Burbank except three Mexicana departures a week from Glendale; at the end of 1946 most airline airlines moved to LAX, but Burbank always retained some. Since then, the story of LAX has continued to evolve and spin-off hotels and warehouses are nearby.
World's sponsorship of World War II, 1941-1945
During World War II, Los Angeles grew as a center for aircraft production, war equipment, and ammunition. Thousands of people, both blacks and whites, from the South and Midwest migrate to the West to fill factory work.
After President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the military commander to exclude "any or all persons" from a particular area on behalf of national defense, the Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves to " evacuation "of the newly created military zone. This includes many Los Angeles families.
Postwar: Baby boomer
After the war, hundreds of land developers bought cheap land, shared it, built on it, and became rich. Real-estate development replaces oil and agriculture as Southern California's main industries. In 1955, Walt Disney opened the world's first amusement park at Disneyland in Anaheim. In 1958, Dodgers and Giants of Major League Baseball left New York City and each came to Los Angeles and San Francisco. California's population grew dramatically, to nearly 20 million in 1970. This is the coming age of baby boom. In 1950, Los Angeles was the industrial and financial giant created by war production and migration. Los Angeles collects more cars than any other city than Detroit, makes more tires than any other city except Akron, makes more furniture than Grand Rapids, and sews more clothes than any other city except New York. In addition, it is the national capital for film production, training films of the Army and Navy, radio programs and, within a few years, television shows. Construction exploded as homes were built within the growing suburban communities, financed by GI Bill for veterans and the Federal Housing Administration. Popular music of the time had titles like "California Girls", "California Dreamin '", "San Francisco", "Did You Know the Way to San Jose?" and "Hotel California". It reflects California's promise of easy living in a paradise climate. The culture of surfing is growing.
Los Angeles continues to spread, especially with the development of the San Fernando Valley and the construction of a highway launched in the 1940s. When the local street car system went out of business, Los Angeles became a city built around cars, with all the social, health and political problems generated by this dependency. The famous urban area of ​​Los Angeles is the hallmark of this city, and its growth rate accelerated in the first decade of the 20th century. The San Fernando valley, sometimes called the "American Fringe", became a developer favorite site, and the city began to grow past its center toward the sea and toward the east. The big problem with air pollution (smog) that had been developed in the early 1970s also caused a counterattack. With schools routinely closed in urban areas for "haze days" when ozone levels become too unhealthy and hills around urban areas are rarely seen even within a mile, California is ready for change. Over the next three decades, California enacted several strict anti-smog rules in the United States and has been a leader in encouraging nonpolluting strategies for various industries, including cars. For example, carpool lanes usually only allow vehicles with two or three passengers or more (whether the base number is two or three depending on which toll road you are in), but an electric car can use the lane with just one passenger. As a result, the smog is significantly reduced from the peak, although the local Air Quality Management District still monitors the air and generally encourages people to avoid pollution on hot days when haze is thought to be at its worst.
1950-2000
Starting on November 6, 1961, Los Angeles suffered a devastating three-day bushfire. The Bel-Air - Brentwood and Santa Ynez fires destroyed 484 expensive homes and 21 other buildings along with 15,810 hectares (64Ã, kmÃ,²) brush at Bel-Air, Brentwood , and the Topanga Canyon neighborhood. Most of the destroyed houses have a wooden rocking roof, which not only causes their own losses but also sends flints as far as three miles (5 km). Nevertheless, some changes are made to the building code to prevent future losses.
The revocation of a law that limits the height of the building and the controversial redevelopment of Bunker Hill, which destroys a beautifully lethargic environment, usher in the construction of a new generation of skyscrapers. The first 62-storey bunker Hill First Interstate Building (then named Aon Center) was the highest in Los Angeles when it was completed in 1973. It was surpassed by the Library Tower (now called US Bank Tower) several blocks to the north in 1990, a 310 m (1,018 ft) building that is the highest west of Mississippi. Outside Downtown, the Wilshire Corridor is filled with tall buildings, especially near Westwood. Century City, developed at the former headquarters of 20th Century Fox, has become the center of other high-rise buildings on Westside.
During the last decades of the 20th century, the city witnessed a massive increase in street gangs. At the same time, crack cocaine became widely available and was dominated by gangs in the 1980s. Although gangs are disproportionately limited to the interior of low-income cities, fear does not recognize city limits. Since the early 1990s, the city has declined in crime and gang violence with rising prices in housing, revitalization, urban development, and police vigilance in many parts of the city. With its reputation, it caused Los Angeles to be called "The Gang Capital of America".
The subway system, developed and built during the 1980s as the main goal of Tom Bradley mayor, stretches from North Hollywood to Union Station and connects to light rail lines that extend to the neighboring towns of Long Beach, Norwalk, and Pasadena, at among others. Also, the commuter rail system, Metrolink, has been added that stretches from Ventura and the nearby Simi Valley to San Bernardino, Orange County and Riverside. The funding of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority project was funded by a half-cent tax increase added in the mid-1980s, which earned $ 400 million every month. Although the regional transit system was growing, subway expansions were halted in the 1990s due to methane gas concerns, political conflicts, and construction and financing issues during the Red Line Subway project, culminating in a major exhaust on Hollywood Boulevard. As a result, the original subway plan has been delayed for decades as light rail systems, special bus lanes and the restricted stop "Bus Rapid" bus routes have become the preferred means of mass transportation in a series of jammed and constrained corridors in LA.
The murder of Stephanie Kuhen in 1995 in Los Angeles led to criticism from President Bill Clinton and a crackdown on gangs in the Los Angeles area.
Proposition 14
From the beginning, the city was geographically divided by ethnicity. In the 1920s, Los Angeles was the location of the first restrictive agreement in real estate. In the Second World War, 95 percent of homes in Los Angeles were off limits to blacks and Asians. Minorities who had served in World War II or worked in the defense industry L.A. again facing increasing patterns of discrimination
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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