The Battle of Baltimore was a marine battle between the British invaders and the American defenders in the War of 1812. The American forces withdrew the invasion of the sea and land from the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of British troops who attack. The English and Americans first met at North Point. Despite America's withdrawal, the battle is a successful deferment action that caused major casualties to Britain, halting their progress allowing human rights defenders in Baltimore to prepare for the attacks appropriately.
Fort McHenry Baltimore's fight during the bombarded by the Royal Navy inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem "Fort McHenry Defense", which later became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States..
Future President James Buchanan serves as Personal in Baltimore's defense.
Video Battle of Baltimore
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Until April 1814, Britain was at war with Napoleon France, which limited the purpose of the British war in America. During this time the British primarily used defense strategies and expelled the American invasion of the province of Upper and Lower Canada. However, America acquired naval control over Lake Erie in 1813, and seized western Ontario. At Southwest, General Andrew Jackson destroyed Creek's state military forces at Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814.
Although Britain did not want to withdraw its military forces from the war with France, it continued to enjoy naval excellence in the oceans, and North American ships and the Bermuda-Indies Squadron, based in Bermuda, blockaded American ports in the Atlantic during the war, strangled the economy America (originally, the northeastern port spared the blockade as public sentiment in New York and New England opposed the war). Royal Navy and Royal Marines also occupied the coastal islands of America and landed military forces for attacks along the coast, especially around the Chesapeake Bay, encouraging enslaved slaves to defect to the Crown and recruiting them into the Colonial Marine Corps.
Following Napoleon's defeat in the spring of 1814, the British adopted a more aggressive strategy, which was intended to force the United States to negotiate a peace that restored the status quo before the war. Thousands of experienced British troops are deployed to the UK of North America. Most went to Canada to reinstate defenders (the British Army, the Canadian militia, and their First Nations allies pushed the American invaders back to the United States, but without the control of the Great Lakes they could not accept the supply, resulting in failure to capturing Plattsburgh in the Second Battle of Lake Champlain and withdrawal from US territory), but the brigade under the command of Major General Robert Ross was dispatched in early July with several naval vessels to join forces already operating from Bermuda. The combined force will be used for a diversionary attack along the Atlantic coast, which is intended to force Americans to withdraw troops from Canada. They are under orders not to perform extended operations and are restricted to targets on the beach.
An ambitious attack was planned as a result of a letter sent to Bermuda on June 2 by Sir George Prà © vost, Governor-General The Canadas, who called for retaliation in response to the "destruction of private property along the northern coast of Lake Erie" by American forces under Colonel John Campbell in May 1814, the most famous of which was Raid in Port Dover. Prà © vost argues that,
... as a result of the embarrassing behavior of American soldiers in the destruction of private property on the northern shore of Lake Erie, so that if the war with the United States continues, may you judge, preferably, assist in the revenge action that will prevent the enemy from repeating the same anger.
The letter was considered by Ross and Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane (who had replaced Sir John Borlase Warren earlier that year as North American Supreme Commander and West Indies Station of the Royal Navy, headquartered at Admiralty House in Bermuda) in planning how to use their powers. Junior Cochrane, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, has led squadron ships in operations in the Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defense was weak, and he felt that some major cities were vulnerable to attack. Cochrane advises against Baltimore, Washington, and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as a target, because of its comparative ease to attack the national capital and "greater political effects that might result".
On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn that to "prevent the enemy from repeating the same anger...." You are hereby required and directed to "destroy and squander cities and districts as you may find convincing". Cochrane instructed, "You will leave only the lives of unarmed United States citizens".
In August, ships in Bermuda sailed from the Royal Naval Dockyard and St. George's to join those already operating along the Atlantic coast of America. After defeating a fleet of US Navy submarines, the 4,370 military forces (comprising British soldiers, Royal Marines, and Royal Navy detachments for coastal services) under Ross landed in Virginia. After defeating American troops from 1,200 on the 23rd, on the 24th they attacked the defenses prepared by American main forces around 6,400 (US Army troops, militia, US Marines, and US Navy sailors) in the Battle of Bladensburg. Although there are many disadvantages in numbers (standard military logic states that a three-to-one advantage is required in carrying out an attack on a prepared defense) and withholding a large number of victims, British troops drove American defenders and cleared the way to the capital (President James Madison and the entire government leaving town, and going north, to Brookeville, Maryland). Burning Washington happened that night before the troops returned to the ship.
Britain also sent a fleet to Potomac to cut Washington's water access and threaten the harbors of affluent Alexandria, just downstream of Washington, and Georgetown, only upstream. The mere appearance of the fleet made American defenders escape from Fort Warburton without firing a shot, and the helpless Alexandria surrendered. The British spent several days plundering hundreds of tons of merchandise from city merchants, then turned their attention north to Baltimore, where they hoped to crash hard against demoralized Americans. Baltimore is a busy port and is considered by the British to accommodate many privateer who rob a British cruise. Britain is planning a joint operation, with Ross launching a ground attack on North Point, and Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane besieging Fort McHenry, which is a defensive installation point in Baltimore Harbor.
Maps Battle of Baltimore
Fighting Forces
America
10th Military District
- Brigadier General William Winder, US Army
English
- North American and West Indies Stations: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane
- Rear-Admiral Poultney Malcolm
- Rear Admiral Edward Codrington - Fleet Captain
Battle
North Point
Britain landed the forces of 5,000 troops marching towards Baltimore and first encountered heavy resistance at the North Point Battle that fought about 5 miles (8 km) from the city. The defense of the city was under the overall command of Major General Samuel Smith, a Maryland Militia officer. He sent about 3,000 people under General John Stricker's command to meet England in future engagements. General Stricker had to stall the power of the British invasion to delay England's progress long enough for Major General Smith to complete the defense in Baltimore. The ground invasion force for the British is led by Ross, who will be killed in a second shift of American defense by American snipers (It has been suggested that either Daniel Wells or Henry McComas from the rifle firms Captain Aisquith, of the 5th Maryland Military regiment, are responsible, and both died shortly thereafter). With Ross's death, the British soldiers were under the command of Colonel Arthur Brooke. However, the Americans have begun to form an organized retreat back into Baltimore's main defense, where they await the British attack.
Hampstead Hill
Rodgers Bastion, also known as Sheppard's Bastion, located in Hampstead Hill (now part of Patterson Park), is the centerpiece of a 3 mile landwork from the outside harbor in Canton, north to Belair Road, excavated to defend the east approach to Baltimore against England. The castle was built and commanded by Commodore US Navy John Rodgers, with General Smith as the overall line commander. At dawn on September 13, 1814, the day after the Battle of North Point, some 4,300 British troops advanced north on North Point Road, then west along Philadelphia Road (now Maryland Route 7) to Baltimore, forcing US troops to retreat to the main line of defense in around town. British Commander Colonel Arthur Brooke set up his new headquarters at Sterret House at Surrey Farm (now called Armistead Gardens), about two miles east-northeast of Hampstead Hill.
As Britain began investigating actions in Baltimore's inner defenses, the American line was defended by 100 cannons and more than 10,000 regular troops, including two shadow infantry regiments ordered by Stricker and Winder public officers as well as several thousands of local militia and troops. The defense is much stronger than British anticipated. US defenders at Fort McHenry succeeded in stopping British naval forces but some ships were still capable of providing artillery support. After the British take up the outside defense, inner defense becomes a priority. British infantry does not anticipate how well they survive so that the first attack is a failure; However, Brooke troops managed to surpass and topple America to the right. After discussing with lower-ranking officers, Brooke decided that Britain should bombard the fort instead of risking a frontal attack and, at 3:00 am on September 14, 1814, ordered British troops to return to the ship.
Fort McHenry
At Fort McHenry, about 1,000 troops under the command of Major George Armistead await the British naval bombing. Their defense coupled with the sinking of American merchant vessels at adjacent entrances to the Port of Baltimore to further thwart the voyages of British ships.
The attack began on 13 September, when the British fleet of several nineteen vessels began to hit the fort with a Congreve rocket (from the HMS Erebus rocket ship) and mortars (from terrorist bombs) Terror >, Volcano , Meteor , Destruction , and Aetna ). After the initial shooting, the British fleet retreated beyond the reach of Fort McHenry's cannon and continued bombarding American forts over the next 27 hours. Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched in the fort, minor damage due to the recent fortification that has been completed before the battle.
After nightfall, Cochrane ordered the landing carried by a small boat to the beach to the west of the castle, away from the opening of the harbor where the fort's defense was concentrated. He hopes that the landing party may slip past Fort McHenry and pull Smith's troops away from the main British ground attack on the eastern border of the city. It gave England a good diversion for half an hour, allowing them to shoot again and again. On the morning of September 14, 30 feet (9.1 mÃ,¬ 12.8 m) the greatness of the American flag, which had been made a year earlier by local flag-maker Mary Pickersgill and his 13-year-old daughter. , grew up in Fort McHenry (replacing the ragged storm flag that flew during the battle). It was responded by a small camp from the British armed forces on the right wing, who fired a round to the sky and mocked the Americans shortly before they returned to the shoreline.
Initially, historians say the Spangled Flag of Spangled Greatness was lifted to mock England. However, that is not the case. Oversized flags are used every morning to wake up in the morning, as happened on the morning of September 14th.
Brooke had been instructed not to attack American positions around Baltimore unless she was sure that there were less than 2,000 people inside the castle. Because of his orders, Brooke must retreat from his position and return to the fleet that will sail to New Orleans.
Aftermath
Colonel Brooke's troops resigned, and Admiral Cochrane's fleet sailed to regroup before the next (and last) attack in the United States, at the Battle of New Orleans. Armistead was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel. Much weakened by difficult preparations for combat, he died at the age of 38, just three years after the battle.
The three active battalions of the Regular Army (1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf and 3-4 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 36th and 38th Infantry Regiments, both of which were at Fort McHenry during the bombing. The 5th Maryland Regiment Infantry Lineage, which plays a major role in the Battle of North Point, is perpetuated by the 175th National Army's Maryland Infantry Regiment.
This battle is commemorated at Fort McHenry National Monument and the Historic Temple.
Spangled Spangled Star
An American lawyer and an amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, is on a mission of pardon for the release. William Beanes, a prisoner from England. Key showed British letters from injured British officials praising the care they received from Dr. Beanes. The British agreed to free Beanes, but Key and Beanes were forced to stay with England until the attack on Baltimore ended. Key to witnessing the process of a ceasefire on the Patapsco River. On the morning of the 14th, Key saw the American flag waving above Fort McHenry. Inspired, he began to write down the verses behind the letter he was carrying. Key poem originally named "Defense at Fort McHenry" printed on a pamphlet by Baltimore American .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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