The 1960 Winter Olympics , officially known as Olympic Winter Games VIII , is a winter multi-sport event held between 18-28 February 1960 in Squaw Valley, California , United States. Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Olympics at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This is an undeveloped resort in 1955, so from 1956 to 1960 infrastructure and all premises were built at a cost of US $ 80,000,000. It was designed to be intimate, allowing viewers and competitors to walk to almost any place. Squaw Valley hosts athletes from thirty countries competing in four sports and twenty-seven events. Skating speed and female biathlon make their Olympic debut. The committee decided that the bobsled event did not guarantee the cost of building the place, so for the first time and only the sled was not on the Winter Olympics program.
Cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China, Taiwan, North Korea and East Germany. In 1957, the United States government threatened to deny visas to athletes from the Communist countries. The IOC responded with a threat to repeal Squaw Valley rights to host the 1960 Olympics. The United States acknowledged and allowed entry to athletes from the Communist countries.
Video 1960 Winter Olympics
Host city selection
Squaw Valley is a ski resort struggling with minimal facilities, which made it a great choice to host the 1960 Winter Olympics. Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing, who were inspired by the Olympic bid by a newspaper article saying that Reno, Nevada, and Anchorage, Alaska, have expressed interest in the Olympics. Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, filed California Governor Goodwin Knight's petition to support the bid to host the Olympics. The Knight government agreed and recommended that the California Legislature issue $ 1,000,000 for the effort. Based on financial support received from the State of California, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) approved the offer on 7 January 1955. Cushing and the USOC accepted a resolution endorsed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, telephoned at the International Olympic Committee ) to consider Squaw Valley's bid for the 1960 Olympics. Initial reports are drawn up and submitted to the IOC, which is considering an offer from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, France. Squaw Valley was granted the right to host the Olympics, but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that if more funds were secured in April 1956, the offer would be given to Innsbruck. Another $ 4 million is committed by the State Legislature, which meets the Brundage requirements. On April 4, 1956, the right to hold the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially given to Squaw Valley. Competitors and officials from European countries are angry with elections; they feel that the alpine ski course does not meet the specifications and that the height will prove too stressful for the athletes.
Maps 1960 Winter Olympics
Organization
Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift, two straps, and a fifty-room cabin. Cushing presented the site as a pure, empty environment canvas, where a world-class ski resort can be built. The ambiguity of the location is underlined at the closing ceremony of the 1956 Winter Olympics. Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signaling the transfer of the Olympics. Since Squaw Valley is an unrelated village, it has no city government. John Garland, an IOC member from California, was asked to stand and receive a flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo.
After winning the right to organize the Olympics, the California Olympic Commission was formed. They were given four years to build places, the Olympic Village, and expand the infrastructure. With the expansion of roads, bridges, water and electricity capacity, the resort of Squaw Valley became the town of Squaw Valley. Hotels, restaurants, administration buildings, sheriff's offices and waste pumping and maintenance plants are all built to support the entry of visitors to the Olympics. Organizers want the Olympics to be intimate with places close to each other. The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena is built along with three outdoor skating rinks, 400 meter skating skates, and four dormitories for athletes at home. One place that is considered impractical to build is a sled. Organizers felt the lack of possible and high-cost entrants to build a pretty barrier to leave the launch event of the 1960 Olympics program.
Several new design and technological innovations were used for the 1960 Olympics. Speed ​​skating, figure skating and ice hockey events were held on the artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history. A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes should be built to produce and maintain ice. The heat generated from the refrigeration plant is used to warm the audience, provide hot water, and melt the snow from the roof. The new time equipment provided by Longines is installed which uses quartz clocks to measure up to one hundredth of a second. IBM provides computers capable of mapping out results and printing them in English and French. Blyth Arena, the opening and closing ceremony and figure skating and ice hockey competition, was built with a 22-inch (56 cm) gap in the roof, which will glide closed as a roofing support cable contracted during cold weather.
Funding for Cushing's initial offer to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors at the "Squaw Valley Development Company", which is the owner of the existing resort. To finance the construction, organizers turned to the federal government, which provides about a quarter of the $ 80 million needed to host the Games. Money is used to build sports arenas and provide military support during the Olympics. Further funds are obtained from private sponsors and from the State of California. Governor Knight and his replacement Edmund "Pat" Brown remain behind the project, seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world.
Television
Television is nothing new at the Olympic Winter Olympics; broadcast events to a European audience had begun in 1956. What's unprecedented is the exclusive US television rights sale to broadcast the Olympics. The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcasting rights to CBS for $ 50,000. Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcasting rights. For example, CBS bought the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $ 550,000. During the Olympics, CBS broadcasted 15 and a quarter of television hours focusing on ice hockey, speed skating, figure skating, alpine skiing and ski jumps. The impact of television was felt during the Olympics; in the men's slalom event, officials are unsure whether a skier has missed a gate asking CBS if they can review the recording of the event. This request gives CBS an idea for what is now known as an instant replay.
Politics
The athletic rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States had risen sharply during the 1950s. Their conflicting ideologies and interests in countries such as East and West Germany, China and North and South Korea created a complicated situation when the 1960 Winter Olympics approached. What is interesting is the question of whether China will be allowed to participate. The last Chinese athletes competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics but have since withdrawn from the IOC because of disputes over Taiwan's participation as a separate country. The United States supports Taiwan while the Soviet Union stands behind China. Given the fact that the 1960 Olympics will be held in America, there are concerns among IOC members that the United States will not allow China or other Communist countries to participate. In 1957, the IOC president Avery Brundage, who is also an American, announced that if the United States refused entry to an IOC-recognized country, they would revoke Squaw Valley's invitation to host the Olympics and he would resign as president. Subject to international pressure, the United States allows athletes from the Communist countries to participate. China continues to demand that Taiwan be removed from the IOC, the demands being rejected until China breaks a relationship that ends the hope that they will participate in 1960.
Problems similar to problems with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany. Before the Korean War, the IOC had acknowledged the Korean Olympic committee, based in Seoul. North Korea is not recognized as a separate state by the IOC which maintains the existence of an Olympic committee. A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected, meaning only South Korean athletes participated because of their previous confessions. The pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that East and West Germany had participated as a united team in 1956. One of the conditions for a united German team was that athletes were represented by a neutral flag. Initially West German officials refused to agree to this provision by mentioning the fact that the West German flag had been used both at the 1956 Winter and Summer Olympics. Finally a neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated.
Events
The match is held from 18 to 28 February. Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports (8 disciplines). Biathlon sports are added to the program as well as speed skating events for women. After a poll was taken that showed that only nine countries would send a team of glide carts, the organizers decided that the bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program. Despite a petition from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider, the committee feels they can not justify the cost of building a homeless drive for nine competing nations. This will be the only time in the history of the Winter Olympics that a homeless event is not held.
- Biathlon (1) ()
- Ice Hockey (1) ()
- Skating
- Figure skating (3) ()
- Quick launches (8) ()
- Ski
- Alpine ski (6) ()
- Nordic Ski ()
- Cross-country skiing (6) ()
- Nordic combines (1) ()
- Ski jumps (1) ()
Opening ceremony
The Chairman of the Pageantry Committee is Walt Disney, who is responsible for producing the opening and closing ceremonies. He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers, the release of 2,000 pigeons, and an eight-shot military gun greeting, one for each of the previous Winter Olympics. The opening ceremony was held on February 18, 1960, at Blyth Arena in the middle of a blizzard. Heavy snowfall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony for up to an hour. The celebration begins with a sustained drum drum as the flag of each participating country grew up on specially designed flagpoles. Vice President Richard Nixon represents the United States government and declares the Olympics open. Olympic cauldrons were lit by Kenneth Henry, the 500 meters Olympic speed skating champion at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. The Olympic oath is taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all athletes. When the national delegation leaves the stadium fireworks close the ceremony.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey tournaments take place at Blyth Arena and Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink. Controversy over the amateur status of some players overshadows the event. Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of "professional amateurs" by the Eastern Bloc countries, and especially the Soviet Union. They charged that the Soviets gave their elite hockey players a phantom job in the military that allowed them to play full time hockey, which gave the Soviet team the advantage they used to dominate the Olympic hockey tournament for almost 30 years. This issue began to unfold during the 1960 Olympics and will culminate in Canada's boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics. The United States team won an impossible gold medal, beating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams, each of which got silver and bronze. This is the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it will mark the last time the Soviet team did not win an Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
Cross country skiing
There are six cross-country ski races at the 1960 Olympics, four for men and two for women, all held at McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The Soviet woman swept the 10 kilometer race, which was the first Soviet sweep of medals at the Winter Olympics. However they were disappointed by Sweden in the 3ÃÆ'â € "5Ã,² relay. The Nordic countries dominate the male competition. The Swedish woodworker Sixten Jernberg added gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956. He will add two gold and bronze medals in 1964 to complete his Olympic career with nine medals, making him the most decorated Winter Olympics. Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added gold, silver and bronze to two gold and two silver medals won in 1952 and 1956.
Biathlon
Biathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960. The precursor for biathlon, a military patrol, was at the Olympic program for the first Olympics in 1924. It was a demonstration sport at the 1928 Winter Olympics, 1936, and 1948, although the competition was only open to members of the armed forces. Military patrol was no longer favored in 1948 due to anti-military sentiment in the post-World War II era. Biathlon took its place and was sworn in as a full-fledged Olympic sport in 1960. It included a 20-kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations in the range from 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft). Klas Lestander of Sweden became the first Olympic champion, Antti TyrvÃÆ'¤inen of Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov put second and third respectively.
Nordic merged
The Nordic joint competition is held on 21 February on the normal hill of Squaw Valley and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex. The athletes have three jumps on 21 February followed by a cross-country race of 15 kilometers. German Skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event. He will win a bronze medal at the combined Nordic in 1964. Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third, respectively. Gusakov's wife, Maria Gusakova, competed in cross-country events, winning gold and silver.
Ski jump
There was a ski jump event at the 1960 Olympics, a normal men's hill, held on 28 February. In 1964, the competition will be expanded to include large men's events on the hill. Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event. In 1994 he will join Jens WeiÃÆ'Ÿflog as the only German Olympic jump skiing champion. Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austria Otto Leodolter won silver and bronze medals.
Picture skating
Held at the Blyth Memorial Arena, a figure skating competition takes place between February 19 and 26. Although this is not the first time the figure skating is held indoors, it will never be contested outside again. There are three events: men's and women's singles and pairing competitions. In the men's show, David Jenkins of the United States, brother of the 1956 Winter Olympic skating champion Hayes Jenkins, won the gold medal. It was his second Olympic medal, having won bronze in 1956. Karol DivÃÆ'n of Czechoslovakia won silver, and Canadian Donald Jackson won a bronze medal. American Carol Heiss, the silver medal winner in 1956, became an Olympic champion in 1960. A year later he married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and Three Stooges. Dutch Skater Sjoukje Dijkstra takes the silver medal; he would finish his amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964. Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States a skating medal of her third number as she took bronze. The Soviet Union made its debut debut by sending two couples to compete in a paired competition; the results denied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon dominate this event. The competition was won by Canadian pair Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who have won the last three world championships. The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans-JÃÆ'¼rgen BÃÆ'¤umler followed their last European championship victory with an Olympic silver medal, and the American married teams Ron and Nancy Ludington took bronze.
Speed ​​skating
Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960. The Soviet Union had requested the entry of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Olympics, but the request was rejected by the IOC. This issue was reviewed for the 1960 Olympics, and since women have competed internationally since 1936 and there is the World Championships for women's speed skating, the IOC approved four events; 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 3,000 meters. Most of the events are held at Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, which is an outdoor skating oval, and features artificial ice, the first for the Olympic speed skate competition. Given the height and artificial ice, the arena is the fastest in the world, as evidenced by the Norwegian Knut Johannesen world record in the 10,000 meters event. At 15: 46.6 he was the first skater to break through the 16 minute barrier, and surpassed the previous world record of 46 seconds. Despite Johannesen's victory, the Soviets dominated the speed skating event, winning all but two of the races. Yevgeny Grishin won the 500 and 1,500 meters race, although he shared a 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian player Roald Aas. Lidiya Skoblikova of the Soviet Union was another double gold medalist, when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meters events. Polish Skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczy? Ska finished second and third in the 1,500 meters event, which is the only medal in Poland. They are only the second and third Poles to ever win a Winter Olympic medal.
Alps Alpine skiing
Despite the lack of facilities at Squaw Valley, this resort has steep mountain slopes nearby, making it some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history. Both men and women compete in slalom slalom and slalom which decreases with all 6 events held between 20 and 26 February. The men's decline was won by France's Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skiing. Swiss skier Roger Staub won a giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer of Austria was the slalom champion. German Heidi Biebl won the women down, Yvonne RÃÆ'¼egg of Switzerland won a giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit of Canada won slalom. Penny Pitou of the United States is the only double medal winner with two silver in a downhill slalom and a giant.
Closing ceremony
The match closed on February 28 at the Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people. The flag of participating countries was followed by athletes marching as a group with no national distinction, a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics. The bearers of the flag made a semi-circle around the pulpit and the Greek anthem (although the country did not compete), America United, and Austria are played when each flag is raised. The IOC president, Avery Brundage, announced that the Olympics were closed, at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished. The Olympics closed with the release of several thousand balloons.
Calendar
- All dates in Pacific Standard Time (UTC-8)
The opening ceremony was held on 18 February, along with the first game of ice hockey tournament. From February 19 to 28, at least one final event is held every day.
Figures show the final number of events for each sport held that day.
Venues
The lack of facilities before the Olympics gives the organizers freedom to adjust the layout of places to meet the needs of athletes. Their vision is for intimate games where athletes and spectators can walk between places. This is achieved with the exception of cross-country events, held at McKinney Creek, 12 miles (19 km) drive from Squaw Valley. At the previous Winter Olympics, athletes were stationed at the hotel or occupied by local families. Since there are no such facilities in Squaw Valley, the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Olympics. Competitors sleep in one of four dorms and eat together in the dining room. The complex is centrally located, with access to all sports facilities.
The tops of the Squaw valley are used for alpine skiing. Slalom slalom and slalom slalom princess are on KT-22 mountain, while slalom princess and giant slalom are contested at Little Papoose Peak. Squaw Peak is a place of competition down the men. Before the Games, fears persist that the course will not meet international standards. To address this issue, a pilot event was held in 1959 and the present delegates of the International Ski Federation (FIS) abandoned the belief that events would be in compliance with FIS rules and specifications. The musicians are built for officials, coaches and spectators, along with broadcast booths for radio and television. Papoose Peak Jumps is located in Little Papoose Peak just across the Blyth Memorial Arena. Designed by Heini Klopfer, the hill is innovative because it has a jump of 40, 60, and 80 meters. The tall trees on both sides protect the athlete from the wind, and it lies so the sun will be behind the jumpers during the competition.
The McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all cross-country races, including biathlon and parts of the Nordic joint competition. It consists of building time, two Quonset huts for competitors and worker courses, scoreboard, and benches to accommodate 1,200 people. The shooting range is punctuated throughout the biathlon course, and is overseen by unassigned US military officers.
Blyth Memorial Arena is the center of the Olympics. It hosts the opening and closing ceremonies along with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink, and also organizes figure skating competitions, some speed skating events, as well as most of the matches in hockey tournaments. The three sports are held in an artificial ice room for the first time in Olympic history. At full capacity, the arena holds 11,000 people, 8,500 of whom are seated. One end of the stadium can be opened and closed, depending on the event. During the ceremony it is open to allow entry of athletes; as long as the competition is closed to accommodate more audiences. A special machine was created to coat the ice for all three competitions. That could put a new ice surface on the 400 meter speed skating track in 45 minutes. In addition to bringing back the ice, the engine creates a snow barrier that illustrates the race track. The roof is designed on the principle of suspension, using cables rather than vertical support; this removes any visual barrier for the audience, but it weakens the power of the roof. Given the number of annual planned snow designers using the heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow. There was a deficiency in design and miscalculation in the load that the roof could bear, and during the very heavy snowfall of 1983, some of the roof collapsed and the building was later destroyed.
In 2016, only three buildings of the 1960 Winter Olympics are left in Squaw Valley. The expansion of the resort village, currently in the planning stages, will see two of these buildings being destroyed.
Countries participating
Athletes from 30 countries competed in the 1960 Olympics. South Africa competed at the Winter Olympics for the first time; it will be the last for many years, since apartheid's policy prevented South Africa's participation until 1994. Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United German Team from 1956 to 1964. The number at each end state shows the number of athletes sent by each country.
Number of athletes by the National Olympic Committee
Medal Count
Below is a list of countries that won medals at the Olympics:
- The host country is highlighted in blue.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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